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Adoption and Its Alternatives: A Different Approach and a New Framework    

Legislation Cited

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name	Citation(s)	Court	Jurisdiction	Date	Full Text †		Citation Index
Priest v Priest	[1965] VicRp 71; [1965] VR 540; [1966] ALR 40		Australia - Victoria	29 Nov 1963	AustLII		11
Arani v Public Trustee of New Zealand	[1919] UKPC 71; [1920] AC 198	Privy Council	United Kingdom	22 Jul 1919	BAILII		17
"A Lesbian-Centered Critique of Second-Parent Adoptions"	[1999] Berkeley Womens Law Journal 17	Berkeley Women's Law Journal	United States	circa 1999	HeinOnline		1
"Racial Matching vs Transracial Adoption: Proposing a Compromise in the Best Interests of Minority Children"	(1993) 27 Family Law Quarterly 447	Family Law Quarterly	United States	circa 1993	HeinOnline		1
(1992) 30 Journal of Family Law 289	(1992) 30 Journal of Family Law 289	Journal of Family Law	United States	circa 1992	HeinOnline		1
"Lesbian Mothers and Gay Fathers: Sameness and Difference"	(1992) 2 Australian Gay & Lesbian Law Journal 21	Australian Gay & Lesbian Law Journal	Australia	circa 1992	HeinOnline		2
"Child Custody and the Homosexual Parent: Some Further Developments in Australia and the United States"	(1992) 2 Australian Gay & Lesbian Law Journal 1	Australian Gay & Lesbian Law Journal	Australia	circa 1992	HeinOnline		1
"What is a Normal Family? C v C (A minor)(Custody Appeal)"	(1992) 55 Modern Law Review 269	Modern Law Review	United Kingdom	circa 1992	HeinOnline		4
"Sexual Orientation and Adoptive Matching"	(1991) 25 Family Law Quarterly 347	Family Law Quarterly	United States	circa 1991	HeinOnline		1
"Surrogate Parenthood and Adoption Statutes: Can a Square Peg Fit into a Round Hole?"	(1988) 22 Family Law Quarterly 199	Family Law Quarterly	United States	circa 1988	HeinOnline		1
"Second Parent Adoption: When Crossing the Marital Barrier Is in a Child's Best Interests"	(1987) 3 Berkeley Womens Law Journal 96	Berkeley Women's Law Journal	United States	circa 1987	HeinOnline		1
"Who to Be or Not to Be: The Surrogacy Story"	(1986) 49 Modern Law Review 358	Modern Law Review	United Kingdom	circa 1986	HeinOnline		2
"Constructing a Family After a Surrogate Birth"	(1986) 49 Modern Law Review 635	Modern Law Review	United Kingdom	circa 1986	HeinOnline		1
"An Incomplete Picture: The Debate about Surrogate Motherhood"	(1985) 8 Harvard Womens Law Journal 231	Harvard Women's Law Journal	United States	circa 1985	HeinOnline		1
"Judging the Best Interests of the Child: Child Custody and the Homosexual Parent"	(1985) 1 Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 505	Canadian Journal of Women and the Law	Canada	circa 1985	HeinOnline		1
30 Journal of Family Law 471	30 Journal of Family Law 471	Journal of Family Law	United States	circa 1985	HeinOnline		1
31 University of Louisville Journal of Family Law 685	31 University of Louisville Journal of Family Law 685	University of Louisville Journal of Family Law	United States	circa 1985	HeinOnline		1
"Identity and Assimilation: Changing Definitions of Tribal Power Over Children"	(1999) 83 Minnesota Law Review 927	Minnesota Law Review	United States	circa 1999	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"Warring with Wardle: Morality, Social Science and Gay and Lesbian Parents"	[1998] University of Illinois Law Review 253	University of Illinois Law Review	United States	circa 1998	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		3
"The Potential Impact of Homosexual Parenting on Children"	[1997] University of Illinois Law Review 833	University of Illinois Law Review	United States	circa 1997	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		2
"Incorporating Thwarted Putative Fathers into the Adoption Scheme"	[1996] University of Illinois Law Review 189	University of Illinois Law Review	United States	circa 1996	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"Unwed Fathers and Their Newborn Children Placed for Adoption: Protecting the Rights of Both in Custody Disputes"	(1994) 36 Arizona Law Review 1011	Arizona Law Review	United States	circa 1994	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"The Struggle for the Child: Preserving the Family in Adoption Disputes between Biological Parents and Third Parties"	(1994) 72 North Carolina Law Review 1279	North Carolina Law Review	United States	circa 1994	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"Open Adoption Records: A Question of Empowerment"	(1993) 57 Saskatchewan Law Review 415	Saskatchewan Law Review	Canada	circa 1993	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"Make New Parents but Keep the Old"	(1993) 69 North Dakota Law Review 497	North Dakota Law Review	United States	circa 1993	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"Joint Adoption: A Queer Option?"	(1990) 15 Vermont Law Review 197	Vermont Law Review	United States	circa 1990	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"This Child Does Have Two Mothers: Redefining Parenthood to Meet the Needs of Children in Lesbian-Mother and Other NonTraditional Families"	(1990) 78 Georgetown Law Journal 459	Georgetown Law Journal	United States	circa 1990	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		3
"The Ethics and Economics of Enforcing Contracts of Surrogate Motherhood"	[1989] Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy 21	Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy	United States	circa 1989	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"The Unwed Father and Adoption in Utah: A Proposal for Statutory Reform"	[1989] Utah Law Review 115	Utah Law Review	United States - Utah	circa 1989	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"God bless the child? The use of religion as a factor in child custody and adoption proceedings"	(1989) 58 Fordham Law Review 383	Fordham Law Review	United States	circa 1989	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"Intestate Succession and Stepparent Adoptions: Should Inheritance Rights of an Adopted Child Be Determined by Blood or by Law?"	[1988] Wisconsin Law Review 321	Wisconsin Law Review	United States - Wisconsin	circa 1988	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"Trans-Racial Adoption: The Genesis or Genocide of Minority Cultural Existence"	(1988) 15 Southern University Law Review 353	Southern University Law Review	United States	circa 1988	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"Surrogacy and Adoption: A Case of Incompatibility"	(1988) 20 Columbia Human Rights Law Review 1	Columbia Human Rights Law Review	United States	circa 1988	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		2
"When Blood Isn't Thicker than Water: The Inheritance Rights of Adopted-Out Children in New York"	(1988) 53 Brooklyn Law Review 1007	Brooklyn Law Review	United States	circa 1988	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		3
"The Regulation of the Market in Adoptions"	(1987) 67 Boston University Law Review 59	Boston University Law Review	United States	circa 1987	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		2
"Why Terminate Parental Rights"	35 Stanford Law Review 423	Stanford Law Review	United States	circa 1988	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"Re Evelyn Reflections on Australia's First Litigated Surrogacy Case"	(1999) 7 Medical Law Review 38	Medical Law Review	United Kingdom	circa 1999	HeinOnline / Westlaw		1
"Regulating the Reproduction Business?"	(1999) 7 Medical Law Review 166	Medical Law Review	United Kingdom	circa 1999	HeinOnline / Westlaw		1
"Does Surrogacy Have a Future After Brazier?"	(1999) 7 Medical Law Review 1	Medical Law Review	United Kingdom	circa 1999	HeinOnline / Westlaw		3
"Does Surrogacy Have a Future After Brazier?"	[1999] Medical Law Review 1	Medical Law Review	United Kingdom	circa 1999	HeinOnline / Westlaw		1
"Cultural Determinants of Adoption Policy: A Columbian Case Study"	(1998) 12 International Journal of Law Policy and the Family 202	International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family	United Kingdom	circa 1998	HeinOnline / Westlaw		1
"Intercountry Adoption in New Zealand - A Child Rights Perspective"	(1997) 27 Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 421	Victoria University of Wellington Law Review	New Zealand	circa 1997	HeinOnline / Westlaw		4
"Adoption and Surrogacy in New Zealand"	(1991) 21 Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 131	Victoria University of Wellington Law Review	New Zealand	circa 1991	HeinOnline / Westlaw		2
"The Economics of the Baby Shortage"	(1978) 7 Journal of Legal Studies 323	Journal of Legal Studies	United States	circa 1978	HeinOnline / Westlaw		8
H v C	[1999] 3 NZLR 502; [1999] NZFLR 721; (1999) 18 FRNZ 275		New Zealand	circa 1999	LexisNexis		2
"Adoption Consents Negotiating the Sliding Doors"	(1998) 2 Butterworths Family Law Journal 320	Butterworths Family Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1998	LexisNexis		1
"Surrogacy, Non-existence, and Harm"	(1997) 2 Butterworths Family Law Journal 165	Butterworths Family Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1997	LexisNexis		2
"Open Adoption and the Law"	(1996) 2 Butterworths Family Law Journal 44	Butterworths Family Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1996	LexisNexis		2
"The Importance of a Children's Rights Perspective in Litigation"	(1996) 2 Butterworths Family Law Journal 84	Butterworths Family Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1996	LexisNexis		1
"Adoption of Minor Children by Lesbian and Gay Adults: A Social Science Perspective"	(1995) 2 Duke Journal of Gender Law and Policy 191	Duke Journal of Gender Law and Policy	United States	circa 1995	LexisNexis		1
"The Case for Change: `Parental responsibility' not `custody' and `access'"	(1995) 1 Butterworths Family Law Journal 263	Butterworths Family Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1995	LexisNexis		1
"Building the smallest democracy at the heart of society"	(1995) 1 Butterworths Family Law Journal 160	Butterworths Family Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1995	LexisNexis		1
"In Response to a Freeman: Surrogate Motherhood and the Feminist Perspective"	(1995) 1 Butterworths Family Law Journal 276	Butterworths Family Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1995	LexisNexis		2
"Adoption: Keeping the Options Open"	(1994) 1 Butterworths Family Law Journal 86	Butterworths Family Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1994	LexisNexis		1
"Grandparents: Access, Custody and Adoption"	(1994) 1 Butterworths Family Law Journal 69	Butterworths Family Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1994	LexisNexis		1
"Stepfamilies: A Fresh Approach"	(1993) 1 Butterworths Family Law Journal 26	Butterworths Family Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1993	LexisNexis		1
"Rethinking Parenthood as an Exclusive Status: The Need for Legal Alternatives when the Premise of the Nuclear Family has Failed"	(1984) 70 Virginia Law Review 879	Virginia Law Review	United States	circa 1984	LexisNexis		4
D v Hall	[1984] 1 NZLR 727		New Zealand	circa 1984	LexisNexis		2
Re Thomson and Thomson	[1958] NZLR 580		New Zealand	circa 1958	LexisNexis		1
Re Valentine ’ s Settlement	[1965] Ch 831; [1965] 2 All ER 226	Court of Chancery	United Kingdom	circa 1965	LexisNexis / Westlaw		39
"Step-parent Adoptions & the Family Law Act"	(1992) 6 Australian Journal of Family Law 179	Australian Journal of Family Law	Australia	circa 1992	LexisNexis AU		35
"Custody Decisions - Discretion Gone too Far?"	(2000) 9 Otago Law Review 731	Otago Law Review	New Zealand	circa 2000	NZLII		1
A v R	[1999] NZHC 1010; (1999) 17 FRNZ 647; [1999] NZFLR 249	High Court of New Zealand	New Zealand	10 Feb 1999	NZLII		9
Attorney-General v Prince	[1997] NZCA 349; [1998] 1 NZLR 262; (1997) 16 FRNZ 258; [1998] NZFLR 145	Court of Appeal of New Zealand	New Zealand	25 Nov 1997	NZLII		981
"M ori Women: Caught in the Contradiction of a Colonised Reality"	(1994) 1 Waikato Law Review 125	Waikato Law Review	New Zealand	circa 1994	NZLII		1
"Surrogate Motherhood in New Zealand: A Survey of Existing Law and an Examination of Options for Reform"	(1991) 7 Otago Law Review 426	Otago Law Review	New Zealand	circa 1991	NZLII		4
H v R HC Wellington CP532/88	[1989] NZHC 2234; (1989) 5 FRNZ 104; (1989) 5 NZFLR 426	High Court of New Zealand	New Zealand	10 May 1989	NZLII		3
Wackrow v Irvine HC Hamilton AP148/87	[1987] NZHC 1930; (1987) 3 FRNZ 450; (1988) 4 NZFLR 666	High Court of New Zealand	New Zealand	26 Nov 1987	NZLII		1
Mara Piripi v Rena Dix SC Wellington	[1918] NZGazLawRp 229; [1918] NZLR 691; (1918) 20 GLR 757	New Zealand Gazette Law Reports	New Zealand	16 Jul 1918	NZLII		4
Law v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)	[1999] 1 SCR 497; 170 DLR (4th) 1	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	25 Mar 1999	Supreme Court of Canada		81
"Adoption and Adjustment in Adolescence"	(1998) 2 Adoption and Fostering 24	Adoption and Fostering	United Kingdom	circa 1998			1
Re Adoption of C	[1990] NZFLR 385; (1990) 7 FRNZ 231		New Zealand	circa 1990			8
"Is Adoption Outmoded?"	(1985) 6 Otago Law Review 14	Otago Law Review	New Zealand	circa 1985			1
Matter of Baby M	537 A2d 1227		United States	circa 1991			15
"Revocation of Mother's Consent to Adoption Some Proposals for Reform"	[1976] New Zealand Law Journal 497	New Zealand Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1976			1
In the Guardianship of P	(1983) 2 NZFLR 289		New Zealand	circa 1983			1
"Cohabitation, Marriage and Delinquency: The Significance of Family Environment"	(1997) 30 Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 187	Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology	Australia	circa 1997			1
In the Guardianship of J	(1983) 2 NZFLR 314; 1 FRNZ 1		New Zealand	circa 1983			4
"Working with Separation"	(1971) 50 Child Welfare 528	Child Welfare	United States	circa 1971			1
"Adoption Procedures in Cook Islands and New Zealand"	[1975] New Zealand Law Journal 677	New Zealand Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1975			2
"Beyond the Best Interests of the Tribe: The Indian Child Welfare Act and the Adoption of Indian Children"	(1989) 66 University of Detroit Law Review 451	University of Detroit Law Review	United States	circa 1989			1
In re T	(1998) 16 FRNZ 599		New Zealand	circa 1998			1
"Medical Genetics and Adoption"	[1971] Child Welfare 4	Child Welfare	United States	circa 1971			1
In re O (A Minor) (Wardship: Adopted Child)	[1978] Fam 196		United Kingdom	circa 1978			2
SJD (adoption application), Re	[2000] NZFLR 193; (1999) 14 PRNZ 24; (1999) 18 FRNZ 658		New Zealand	circa 1999			3
"Third Stonewall Lecture Lesbian and Gay Family Values and the Law"	[1999] Family Law 560	Family Law	United Kingdom	circa 1999			1
S v Police	(1990) 7 CRNZ 173		New Zealand	circa 1990			2
E, Re	[1992] NZFLR 216; (1991) 7 FRNZ 530		New Zealand	circa 1992			7
Re TW (adoption)	(1998) 17 FRNZ 349		New Zealand	circa 1998			2
Barlow and Hohaia	(1985) 3 NZFLR 714		New Zealand	circa 1985			1
Re B (a minor)	[1975] Fam 127		United Kingdom	circa 1975			5
B v H	[1996] NZFLR 390; (1996) 14 FRNZ 127		New Zealand	circa 1996			2
Re Adoption of S	[1996] NZFLR 552; (1995) 14 FRNZ 166		New Zealand	circa 1996			5
Application to adopt M	[1993] NZFLR 744		New Zealand	circa 1993			1
"Inbreeding, Incest and Marriage in New Zealand"	[1976] New Zealand Law Journal 12	New Zealand Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1976			2
Adoption of P A T	[1995] NZFLR 817		New Zealand	circa 1995			4
"Children Raised by Lesbian Mothers: The Empirical Evidence"	[1991] Family Law 184	Family Law	United Kingdom	circa 1991			1
Adoption of A, Re	[1998] NZFLR 964		New Zealand	circa 1998			1
Adoption by Paul and Hauraki, Re	[1993] NZFLR 266		New Zealand	circa 1993			3
"Gay Survivors and Lesbian Parents: Sexual Orientation in Family Law"	(1998) 57 Cambridge Law Journal 42	Cambridge Law Journal	United Kingdom	circa 1998			1
Adoption application by T	[1999] NZFLR 300		New Zealand	circa 1999			4
Re an Application by T	[1998] NZFLR 769		New Zealand	circa 1998			4
[1999] NZFLR 961	[1999] NZFLR 961		New Zealand	circa 1999			1
Re Adoption of Y, J and T	(1996) 15 FRNZ 191		New Zealand	circa 1996			1
[1987] a2d 1128	[1987] A2d 1128		United States	circa 1987			1
"Adoption and Surrogacy"	[1994] New Zealand Law Journal 384	New Zealand Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1994			3
Isbn 1, 877187	ISBN 1, 877187	ISBN		circa 1989			29
"`Baby C': An Adoption Following a Surrogacy Arrangement"	[1991] New Zealand Law Journal 17	New Zealand Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1991			2
"Family Rights and `Registered Partnership' in Denmark"	[1990] International Journal of Law & the Family 297	International Journal of Law & the Family		circa 1990			1
"Surrogacy Legislation Time for Change?"	[1997] Family Law 564	Family Law	United Kingdom	circa 1997			1
(1955) 307 NZPD 3349	(1955) 307 NZPD 3349		New Zealand	circa 1955			2
"Do We Need the Crime of Incest?"	(1991) 44 Current Legal Problems 185	Current Legal Problems	United Kingdom	circa 1991			1
"Adoption and Single Parents: A Review"	(1991) 70 Child Welfare 321	Child Welfare	United States	circa 1991			1
(1881) 39 NZPD 281	(1881) 39 NZPD 281		New Zealand	circa 1881			1
"Adoptive Parents' Perspectives of, and Comfort with, Open Adoption"	(1993) 72 Child Welfare 231	Child Welfare	United States	circa 1993			1
Re Adoption of C	[1995] NZFLR 795		New Zealand	circa 1995			3