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Adoption and Its Alternatives: A Different Approach and a New Framework    

Legislation Cited

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name	Citation(s)	Court	Jurisdiction	Date †	Full Text		Citation Index
"Custody Decisions - Discretion Gone too Far?"	(2000) 9 Otago Law Review 731	Otago Law Review	New Zealand	circa 2000	NZLII		1
Law v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)	[1999] 1 SCR 497; 170 DLR (4th) 1	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	25 Mar 1999	Supreme Court of Canada		81
A v R	[1999] NZHC 1010; (1999) 17 FRNZ 647; [1999] NZFLR 249	High Court of New Zealand	New Zealand	10 Feb 1999	NZLII		9
"Does Surrogacy Have a Future After Brazier?"	[1999] Medical Law Review 1	Medical Law Review	United Kingdom	circa 1999	HeinOnline / Westlaw		1
"Does Surrogacy Have a Future After Brazier?"	(1999) 7 Medical Law Review 1	Medical Law Review	United Kingdom	circa 1999	HeinOnline / Westlaw		3
"Third Stonewall Lecture Lesbian and Gay Family Values and the Law"	[1999] Family Law 560	Family Law	United Kingdom	circa 1999			1
Adoption application by T	[1999] NZFLR 300		New Zealand	circa 1999			4
[1999] NZFLR 961	[1999] NZFLR 961		New Zealand	circa 1999			1
SJD (adoption application), Re	[2000] NZFLR 193; (1999) 14 PRNZ 24; (1999) 18 FRNZ 658		New Zealand	circa 1999			3
"Regulating the Reproduction Business?"	(1999) 7 Medical Law Review 166	Medical Law Review	United Kingdom	circa 1999	HeinOnline / Westlaw		1
"Identity and Assimilation: Changing Definitions of Tribal Power Over Children"	(1999) 83 Minnesota Law Review 927	Minnesota Law Review	United States	circa 1999	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"Re Evelyn Reflections on Australia's First Litigated Surrogacy Case"	(1999) 7 Medical Law Review 38	Medical Law Review	United Kingdom	circa 1999	HeinOnline / Westlaw		1
"A Lesbian-Centered Critique of Second-Parent Adoptions"	[1999] Berkeley Womens Law Journal 17	Berkeley Women's Law Journal	United States	circa 1999	HeinOnline		1
H v C	[1999] 3 NZLR 502; [1999] NZFLR 721; (1999) 18 FRNZ 275		New Zealand	circa 1999	LexisNexis		2
Re TW (adoption)	(1998) 17 FRNZ 349		New Zealand	circa 1998			2
"Adoption Consents Negotiating the Sliding Doors"	(1998) 2 Butterworths Family Law Journal 320	Butterworths Family Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1998	LexisNexis		1
"Gay Survivors and Lesbian Parents: Sexual Orientation in Family Law"	(1998) 57 Cambridge Law Journal 42	Cambridge Law Journal	United Kingdom	circa 1998			1
"Cultural Determinants of Adoption Policy: A Columbian Case Study"	(1998) 12 International Journal of Law Policy and the Family 202	International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family	United Kingdom	circa 1998	HeinOnline / Westlaw		1
Re an Application by T	[1998] NZFLR 769		New Zealand	circa 1998			4
"Adoption and Adjustment in Adolescence"	(1998) 2 Adoption and Fostering 24	Adoption and Fostering	United Kingdom	circa 1998			1
Adoption of A, Re	[1998] NZFLR 964		New Zealand	circa 1998			1
In re T	(1998) 16 FRNZ 599		New Zealand	circa 1998			1
"Warring with Wardle: Morality, Social Science and Gay and Lesbian Parents"	[1998] University of Illinois Law Review 253	University of Illinois Law Review	United States	circa 1998	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		3
Attorney-General v Prince	[1997] NZCA 349; [1998] 1 NZLR 262; (1997) 16 FRNZ 258; [1998] NZFLR 145	Court of Appeal of New Zealand	New Zealand	25 Nov 1997	NZLII		981
"Intercountry Adoption in New Zealand - A Child Rights Perspective"	(1997) 27 Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 421	Victoria University of Wellington Law Review	New Zealand	circa 1997	HeinOnline / Westlaw		4
"The Potential Impact of Homosexual Parenting on Children"	[1997] University of Illinois Law Review 833	University of Illinois Law Review	United States	circa 1997	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		2
"Surrogacy Legislation Time for Change?"	[1997] Family Law 564	Family Law	United Kingdom	circa 1997			1
"Surrogacy, Non-existence, and Harm"	(1997) 2 Butterworths Family Law Journal 165	Butterworths Family Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1997	LexisNexis		2
"Cohabitation, Marriage and Delinquency: The Significance of Family Environment"	(1997) 30 Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 187	Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology	Australia	circa 1997			1
B v H	[1996] NZFLR 390; (1996) 14 FRNZ 127		New Zealand	circa 1996			2
Re Adoption of S	[1996] NZFLR 552; (1995) 14 FRNZ 166		New Zealand	circa 1996			5
Re Adoption of Y, J and T	(1996) 15 FRNZ 191		New Zealand	circa 1996			1
"The Importance of a Children's Rights Perspective in Litigation"	(1996) 2 Butterworths Family Law Journal 84	Butterworths Family Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1996	LexisNexis		1
"Incorporating Thwarted Putative Fathers into the Adoption Scheme"	[1996] University of Illinois Law Review 189	University of Illinois Law Review	United States	circa 1996	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"Open Adoption and the Law"	(1996) 2 Butterworths Family Law Journal 44	Butterworths Family Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1996	LexisNexis		2
"In Response to a Freeman: Surrogate Motherhood and the Feminist Perspective"	(1995) 1 Butterworths Family Law Journal 276	Butterworths Family Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1995	LexisNexis		2
"The Case for Change: `Parental responsibility' not `custody' and `access'"	(1995) 1 Butterworths Family Law Journal 263	Butterworths Family Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1995	LexisNexis		1
"Adoption of Minor Children by Lesbian and Gay Adults: A Social Science Perspective"	(1995) 2 Duke Journal of Gender Law and Policy 191	Duke Journal of Gender Law and Policy	United States	circa 1995	LexisNexis		1
Adoption of P A T	[1995] NZFLR 817		New Zealand	circa 1995			4
Re Adoption of C	[1995] NZFLR 795		New Zealand	circa 1995			3
"Building the smallest democracy at the heart of society"	(1995) 1 Butterworths Family Law Journal 160	Butterworths Family Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1995	LexisNexis		1
"M ori Women: Caught in the Contradiction of a Colonised Reality"	(1994) 1 Waikato Law Review 125	Waikato Law Review	New Zealand	circa 1994	NZLII		1
"Grandparents: Access, Custody and Adoption"	(1994) 1 Butterworths Family Law Journal 69	Butterworths Family Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1994	LexisNexis		1
"Adoption: Keeping the Options Open"	(1994) 1 Butterworths Family Law Journal 86	Butterworths Family Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1994	LexisNexis		1
"The Struggle for the Child: Preserving the Family in Adoption Disputes between Biological Parents and Third Parties"	(1994) 72 North Carolina Law Review 1279	North Carolina Law Review	United States	circa 1994	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"Adoption and Surrogacy"	[1994] New Zealand Law Journal 384	New Zealand Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1994			3
"Unwed Fathers and Their Newborn Children Placed for Adoption: Protecting the Rights of Both in Custody Disputes"	(1994) 36 Arizona Law Review 1011	Arizona Law Review	United States	circa 1994	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
Adoption by Paul and Hauraki, Re	[1993] NZFLR 266		New Zealand	circa 1993			3
Application to adopt M	[1993] NZFLR 744		New Zealand	circa 1993			1
"Stepfamilies: A Fresh Approach"	(1993) 1 Butterworths Family Law Journal 26	Butterworths Family Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1993	LexisNexis		1
"Adoptive Parents' Perspectives of, and Comfort with, Open Adoption"	(1993) 72 Child Welfare 231	Child Welfare	United States	circa 1993			1
"Make New Parents but Keep the Old"	(1993) 69 North Dakota Law Review 497	North Dakota Law Review	United States	circa 1993	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"Open Adoption Records: A Question of Empowerment"	(1993) 57 Saskatchewan Law Review 415	Saskatchewan Law Review	Canada	circa 1993	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"Racial Matching vs Transracial Adoption: Proposing a Compromise in the Best Interests of Minority Children"	(1993) 27 Family Law Quarterly 447	Family Law Quarterly	United States	circa 1993	HeinOnline		1
"Step-parent Adoptions & the Family Law Act"	(1992) 6 Australian Journal of Family Law 179	Australian Journal of Family Law	Australia	circa 1992	LexisNexis AU		35
(1992) 30 Journal of Family Law 289	(1992) 30 Journal of Family Law 289	Journal of Family Law	United States	circa 1992	HeinOnline		1
"Lesbian Mothers and Gay Fathers: Sameness and Difference"	(1992) 2 Australian Gay & Lesbian Law Journal 21	Australian Gay & Lesbian Law Journal	Australia	circa 1992	HeinOnline		2
"What is a Normal Family? C v C (A minor)(Custody Appeal)"	(1992) 55 Modern Law Review 269	Modern Law Review	United Kingdom	circa 1992	HeinOnline		4
"Child Custody and the Homosexual Parent: Some Further Developments in Australia and the United States"	(1992) 2 Australian Gay & Lesbian Law Journal 1	Australian Gay & Lesbian Law Journal	Australia	circa 1992	HeinOnline		1
E, Re	[1992] NZFLR 216; (1991) 7 FRNZ 530		New Zealand	circa 1992			7
"Adoption and Single Parents: A Review"	(1991) 70 Child Welfare 321	Child Welfare	United States	circa 1991			1
"Sexual Orientation and Adoptive Matching"	(1991) 25 Family Law Quarterly 347	Family Law Quarterly	United States	circa 1991	HeinOnline		1
"Children Raised by Lesbian Mothers: The Empirical Evidence"	[1991] Family Law 184	Family Law	United Kingdom	circa 1991			1
"`Baby C': An Adoption Following a Surrogacy Arrangement"	[1991] New Zealand Law Journal 17	New Zealand Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1991			2
"Do We Need the Crime of Incest?"	(1991) 44 Current Legal Problems 185	Current Legal Problems	United Kingdom	circa 1991			1
"Surrogate Motherhood in New Zealand: A Survey of Existing Law and an Examination of Options for Reform"	(1991) 7 Otago Law Review 426	Otago Law Review	New Zealand	circa 1991	NZLII		4
"Adoption and Surrogacy in New Zealand"	(1991) 21 Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 131	Victoria University of Wellington Law Review	New Zealand	circa 1991	HeinOnline / Westlaw		2
"Family Rights and `Registered Partnership' in Denmark"	[1990] International Journal of Law & the Family 297	International Journal of Law & the Family		circa 1990			1
"Joint Adoption: A Queer Option?"	(1990) 15 Vermont Law Review 197	Vermont Law Review	United States	circa 1990	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"This Child Does Have Two Mothers: Redefining Parenthood to Meet the Needs of Children in Lesbian-Mother and Other NonTraditional Families"	(1990) 78 Georgetown Law Journal 459	Georgetown Law Journal	United States	circa 1990	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		3
S v Police	(1990) 7 CRNZ 173		New Zealand	circa 1990			2
Re Adoption of C	[1990] NZFLR 385; (1990) 7 FRNZ 231		New Zealand	circa 1990			8
H v R HC Wellington CP532/88	[1989] NZHC 2234; (1989) 5 FRNZ 104; (1989) 5 NZFLR 426	High Court of New Zealand	New Zealand	10 May 1989	NZLII		3
"Beyond the Best Interests of the Tribe: The Indian Child Welfare Act and the Adoption of Indian Children"	(1989) 66 University of Detroit Law Review 451	University of Detroit Law Review	United States	circa 1989			1
"The Ethics and Economics of Enforcing Contracts of Surrogate Motherhood"	[1989] Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy 21	Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy	United States	circa 1989	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"God bless the child? The use of religion as a factor in child custody and adoption proceedings"	(1989) 58 Fordham Law Review 383	Fordham Law Review	United States	circa 1989	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"The Unwed Father and Adoption in Utah: A Proposal for Statutory Reform"	[1989] Utah Law Review 115	Utah Law Review	United States - Utah	circa 1989	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"Surrogacy and Adoption: A Case of Incompatibility"	(1988) 20 Columbia Human Rights Law Review 1	Columbia Human Rights Law Review	United States	circa 1988	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		2
"When Blood Isn't Thicker than Water: The Inheritance Rights of Adopted-Out Children in New York"	(1988) 53 Brooklyn Law Review 1007	Brooklyn Law Review	United States	circa 1988	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		3
"Trans-Racial Adoption: The Genesis or Genocide of Minority Cultural Existence"	(1988) 15 Southern University Law Review 353	Southern University Law Review	United States	circa 1988	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
"Surrogate Parenthood and Adoption Statutes: Can a Square Peg Fit into a Round Hole?"	(1988) 22 Family Law Quarterly 199	Family Law Quarterly	United States	circa 1988	HeinOnline		1
"Intestate Succession and Stepparent Adoptions: Should Inheritance Rights of an Adopted Child Be Determined by Blood or by Law?"	[1988] Wisconsin Law Review 321	Wisconsin Law Review	United States - Wisconsin	circa 1988	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
Wackrow v Irvine HC Hamilton AP148/87	[1987] NZHC 1930; (1987) 3 FRNZ 450; (1988) 4 NZFLR 666	High Court of New Zealand	New Zealand	26 Nov 1987	NZLII		1
"The Regulation of the Market in Adoptions"	(1987) 67 Boston University Law Review 59	Boston University Law Review	United States	circa 1987	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		2
"Second Parent Adoption: When Crossing the Marital Barrier Is in a Child's Best Interests"	(1987) 3 Berkeley Womens Law Journal 96	Berkeley Women's Law Journal	United States	circa 1987	HeinOnline		1
[1987] a2d 1128	[1987] A2d 1128		United States	circa 1987			1
"Who to Be or Not to Be: The Surrogacy Story"	(1986) 49 Modern Law Review 358	Modern Law Review	United Kingdom	circa 1986	HeinOnline		2
"Constructing a Family After a Surrogate Birth"	(1986) 49 Modern Law Review 635	Modern Law Review	United Kingdom	circa 1986	HeinOnline		1
"Judging the Best Interests of the Child: Child Custody and the Homosexual Parent"	(1985) 1 Canadian Journal of Women and the Law 505	Canadian Journal of Women and the Law	Canada	circa 1985	HeinOnline		1
Barlow and Hohaia	(1985) 3 NZFLR 714		New Zealand	circa 1985			1
"An Incomplete Picture: The Debate about Surrogate Motherhood"	(1985) 8 Harvard Womens Law Journal 231	Harvard Women's Law Journal	United States	circa 1985	HeinOnline		1
"Is Adoption Outmoded?"	(1985) 6 Otago Law Review 14	Otago Law Review	New Zealand	circa 1985			1
"Rethinking Parenthood as an Exclusive Status: The Need for Legal Alternatives when the Premise of the Nuclear Family has Failed"	(1984) 70 Virginia Law Review 879	Virginia Law Review	United States	circa 1984	LexisNexis		4
D v Hall	[1984] 1 NZLR 727		New Zealand	circa 1984	LexisNexis		2
In the Guardianship of P	(1983) 2 NZFLR 289		New Zealand	circa 1983			1
In the Guardianship of J	(1983) 2 NZFLR 314; 1 FRNZ 1		New Zealand	circa 1983			4
In re O (A Minor) (Wardship: Adopted Child)	[1978] Fam 196		United Kingdom	circa 1978			2
"The Economics of the Baby Shortage"	(1978) 7 Journal of Legal Studies 323	Journal of Legal Studies	United States	circa 1978	HeinOnline / Westlaw		8
"Inbreeding, Incest and Marriage in New Zealand"	[1976] New Zealand Law Journal 12	New Zealand Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1976			2
"Revocation of Mother's Consent to Adoption Some Proposals for Reform"	[1976] New Zealand Law Journal 497	New Zealand Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1976			1
Re B (a minor)	[1975] Fam 127		United Kingdom	circa 1975			5
"Adoption Procedures in Cook Islands and New Zealand"	[1975] New Zealand Law Journal 677	New Zealand Law Journal	New Zealand	circa 1975			2
"Working with Separation"	(1971) 50 Child Welfare 528	Child Welfare	United States	circa 1971			1
"Medical Genetics and Adoption"	[1971] Child Welfare 4	Child Welfare	United States	circa 1971			1
Re Valentine ’ s Settlement	[1965] Ch 831; [1965] 2 All ER 226	Court of Chancery	United Kingdom	circa 1965	LexisNexis / Westlaw		39
Priest v Priest	[1965] VicRp 71; [1965] VR 540; [1966] ALR 40		Australia - Victoria	29 Nov 1963	AustLII		11
Re Thomson and Thomson	[1958] NZLR 580		New Zealand	circa 1958	LexisNexis		1
(1955) 307 NZPD 3349	(1955) 307 NZPD 3349		New Zealand	circa 1955			2
Arani v Public Trustee of New Zealand	[1919] UKPC 71; [1920] AC 198	Privy Council	United Kingdom	22 Jul 1919	BAILII		17
Mara Piripi v Rena Dix SC Wellington	[1918] NZGazLawRp 229; [1918] NZLR 691; (1918) 20 GLR 757	New Zealand Gazette Law Reports	New Zealand	16 Jul 1918	NZLII		4
(1881) 39 NZPD 281	(1881) 39 NZPD 281		New Zealand	circa 1881			1
Matter of Baby M	537 A2d 1227		United States	circa 1984			15
"Why Terminate Parental Rights"	35 Stanford Law Review 423	Stanford Law Review	United States	circa 1984	HeinOnline / LexisNexis		1
31 University of Louisville Journal of Family Law 685	31 University of Louisville Journal of Family Law 685	University of Louisville Journal of Family Law	United States	circa 1984	HeinOnline		1
30 Journal of Family Law 471	30 Journal of Family Law 471	Journal of Family Law	United States	circa 1984	HeinOnline		1
Isbn 1, 877187	ISBN 1, 877187	ISBN		circa 1984			29