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Manga v Attorney-General   flag  105

[1999] NZHC 1712; [2000] 2 NZLR 65; [1999] NZAR 506; (1999) 5 HRNZ 177; (1999) 17 CRNZ 18
High Court of New Zealand
New Zealand
13th September, 1999

Cases Referring to this Case

Case Name †  Citation(s) Court Jurisdiction Date Full Text Citation Index
AH v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Border Protection) [2014] AusHRC 88 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Sep 2014 AustLII flag
AI v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Border Protection) [2015] AusHRC 101 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Dec 2015 AustLII flag
AM v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Home Affairs) [2018] AusHRC 124 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 May 2018 AustLII flag 1
Attorney-General v Hewitt HC Wellington AP187/98 [1999] NZHC 1068; [2000] 2 NZLR 110; [2000] NZAR 148; (1999) 5 HRNZ 468; (1999) 17 CRNZ 236 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 17 Dec 1999 NZLII flag 24
Attorney-General v Taunoa [2005] NZCA 312; [2006] 2 NZLR 457; (2005) 8 HRNZ 119 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 8 Dec 2005 NZLII flag 31
Attorney-General v Taylor [2018] NZSC 104; [2019] 1 NZLR 213; (2018) 11 HRNZ 574 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand 9 Nov 2018 NZLII flag 39
Attorney-General v Udompun [2005] NZCA 128; [2005] 3 NZLR 204; (2005) 7 HRNZ 811 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 26 May 2005 NZLII flag 100
Sri Lankan refugees v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Citizenship) [2012] AusHRC 56 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Jul 2012 AustLII flag 10
AX v Commonwealth of Australia (DIBP) [2017] AusHRC 112 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Jan 2017 AustLII flag
AZ v The Commonwealth (Department of Home Affairs) [2018] AusHRC 122 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Feb 2018 AustLII flag 1
BA v Commonwealth of Australia (DIBP) [2017] AusHRC 111 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Jan 2017 AustLII flag
Bakhtiari v Commonwealth of Australia (DIBP) [2016] AusHRC 109 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Oct 2016 AustLII flag
Bam v Commonwealth of Australia [2016] AusHRC 108 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Oct 2016 AustLII flag
Boyd v Attorney-General [2017] NZDC 26931 District Court of New Zealand New Zealand 20 Dec 2017 NZLII flag
BW v Commonwealth of Australia (DIBP) [2017] AusHRC 115 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Apr 2017 AustLII flag
BZ and AD v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Citizenship) [2012] AusHRC 55 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Jul 2012 AustLII flag
Caie v Attorney-General of New Zealand HC Auckland CP334-SD99 [2001] NZHC 259 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 6 Apr 2001 NZLII flag
Cawaru v Tuinakelo [2007] FJHC 124 High Court of Fiji Fiji 2 Mar 2007 PacLII flag 1
Charlie v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Border Protection) [2014] AusHRC 90 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Sep 2014 AustLII flag
Chief Executive of the Department of Corrections v Gardiner [2017] NZCA 608; [2018] 2 NZLR 712 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 18 Dec 2017 NZLII flag 8
Clayton v Currie [2018] NZHC 1898 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 30 Jul 2018 NZLII flag 4
Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Border Protection) [2014] AusHRC 91 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 18 Nov 2014 AustLII flag
Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Border Protection) [2015] AusHRC 107 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Apr 2016 AustLII flag
Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Border Protection) [2016] AusHRC 107 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Apr 2016 AustLII flag 1
Craig v Slater [2021] NZHC 30 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 27 Jan 2021 NZLII flag 4
CW v Commonwealth (Department of Home Affairs) [2018] AusHRC 126 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Jul 2018 AustLII flag
Davidson v Director-General, Justice and Community Safety Directorate [2022] ACTSC 83; 18 ACTLR 1 Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory Australia - Australian Capital Territory 21 Apr 2022 AustLII flag 11
Deliu v New Zealand Police [2020] NZHC 2506 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 24 Sep 2020 NZLII flag 10
Deng v Australian Capital Territory [2024] ACTCA 10 Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory - Court of Appeal Australia - Australian Capital Territory 15 Mar 2024 AustLII flag 1
Detention of refugees following visa refusal or cancellation under section 501 of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) (2022) [2022] AusHRC 143 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Mar 2022 AustLII flag
DR & DS v The Commonwealth (Department of Home Affairs) [2018] AusHRC 120 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Mar 2018 AustLII flag
Dunlea v Attorney-General [2000] NZCA 84; [2000] 3 NZLR 136; (2000) 5 HRNZ 707; (2000) 18 CRNZ 1 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 14 Jun 2000 NZLII flag 43
Dutt v Veviwili [2024] FJHC 582 High Court of Fiji Fiji 27 Sep 2024 PacLII flag
El Masri v Commonwealth (DIAC) [2009] AusHRC 41 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Jul 2009 AustLII flag 9
FA, FB, FC and FD v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Border Protection) [2014] AusHRC 83 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Jul 2014 AustLII flag
Fitzgerald v Attorney-General [2022] NZHC 2465; [2023] 2 NZLR 214; (2022) 13 HRNZ 704 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 27 Sep 2022 NZLII flag 9
Forrest v Chief Executive of the Department of Corrections HC Wellington CIV-2011-409-1233 [2011] NZHC 1790 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 2 Dec 2011 NZLII flag
Gardiner v Chief Executive of the Department of Corrections [2017] NZHC 1831; [2017] NZAR 1348 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 3 Aug 2017 NZLII flag 5
Ghahani v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Border Protection) [2015] AusHRC 103 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Dec 2015 AustLII flag
Grounded Kiwis Group Incorporated v Minister of Health [2022] NZHC 1407 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 15 Jun 2022 NZLII flag 1
HA, HB, HC, HD and HE v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Border Protection) [2014] AusHRC 87 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Sep 2014 AustLII flag
Hamedani v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Home Affairs) [2020] AusHRC 137 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 15 Sep 2020 AustLII flag
Harris v a-G HC Ak Civ 2004-404-5787 [2006] NZHC 772 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 5 Jul 2006 NZLII flag
Immigration detainees with adverse security assessments v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Citizenship) [2013] AusHRC 64 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 May 2013 AustLII flag 8
Immigration detention following visa refusal or cancellation under s 501 of the Migration Act [2021] AusHRC 141 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 8 Jul 2021 AustLII flag 1
Ince v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Citizenship) [2013] AusHRC 62 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Apr 2013 AustLII flag
Ismail Mirza Jan v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Border Protection) [2014] AusHRC 78 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Jun 2014 AustLII flag
Jafari v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Border Protection) [2014] AusHRC 85 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Aug 2014 AustLII flag
KA, KB, KC and KD v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Department of Social Services, Attorney- General's Department) [2014] AusHRC 80 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Sep 2014 AustLII flag 1
Kaloumaira v Fiji Police Force [2008] FJHC 385 High Court of Fiji Fiji 31 Dec 2008 PacLII flag
Karam v Parker [2014] NZHC 737 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 9 Apr 2014 NZLII flag 19
Kearns v Milner [2014] NZHC 2752; [2014] NZAR 1494 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 5 Nov 2014 NZLII flag 1
Kong v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Border Protection) [2015] AusHRC 98 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Oct 2015 AustLII flag
Legal Aid Review Panel Decision No 185/05 [2005] NZLARP 71 New Zealand 6 Apr 2005 NZLII flag
Legal Aid Review Panel Decision No 267/06 [2006] NZLARP 171 New Zealand 15 Sep 2006 NZLII flag
Legal Aid Review Panel Decision No 308/09 [2009] NZLARP 194 New Zealand 9 Dec 2009 NZLII flag
Lewis v Australian Capital Territory [2018] ACTSC 19; 329 FLR 267 Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory Australia - Australian Capital Territory 16 Feb 2018 AustLII flag 18
LF v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Home Affairs) [2020] AusHRC 139 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 15 Dec 2020 AustLII flag
Mai v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Border Protection) [2014] AusHRC 73 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Jun 2014 AustLII flag
Manga v Attorney-General (No 2) [1999] ICHRL 126 Interights Commonwealth Human Rights Law International 13 Sep 1999 WorldLII flag
Marino v Chief Executive of the Department of Corrections [2016] NZSCTrans 13 New Zealand 6 Jul 2016 NZLII flag
Master BG v Commonwealth of Australia (DIBP) [2017] AusHRC 114 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Mar 2017 AustLII flag
MG v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Border Protection) [2014] AusHRC 86 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Jul 2014 AustLII flag
Mitchell v Attorney-General [2017] NZHC 2089; [2017] NZAR 1538 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 30 Aug 2017 NZLII flag 4
Mr AC v Commonwealth (Department of Home Affairs) [2020] AusHRC 136 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 9 Nov 2020 AustLII flag
Mr AP v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Home Affairs) [2019] AusHRC 134 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Dec 2019 AustLII flag
Mr IB and Mr IC v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Home Affairs) [2019] AusHRC 129 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 May 2019 AustLII flag
Mr Nauroze Anees v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Home Affairs) [2018] AusHRC 133 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Jan 2019 AustLII flag
Mr Nauroze Anees v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Home Affairs) [2019] AusHRC 133 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Jan 2019 AustLII flag 2
Mr OS, Miss OP and Master OQ v Commonwealth of Australia (DIBP) [2017] AusHRC 119 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Jul 2017 AustLII flag
Mr Parvis Yousefi, Mrs Mehrnoosh Yousefi and Manoochehr Yousefi v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Citizenship) [2011] AusHRC 46 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Jul 2011 AustLII flag 3
Mr QA v Commonwealth (Department of Home Affairs) [2021] AusHRC 140 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 8 Jul 2021 AustLII flag
Mr Toro-Martinez Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Citizenship) [2011] AusHRC 44 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 May 2011 AustLII flag
Ms AR on behalf of Mr AS, Master AT and Miss AU v Commonwealth of Australia (DIBP) [2016] AusHRC 110 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Nov 2016 AustLII flag 8
Ms Bakhtiari and Master Reza Bakhtiari v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Border Protection) [2015] AusHRC 106 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Mar 2016 AustLII flag
Ms Bakhtiari and Master Reza Bakhtiari v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Border Protection) [2016] AusHRC 106 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Mar 2016 AustLII flag 1
Ms RC v Commonwealth (Department of Home Affairs) [2022] AusHRC 144 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 28 Sep 2022 AustLII flag
NK v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Citizenship) [2011] AusHRC 43 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Feb 2011 AustLII flag
Ogawa v Commonwealth (Department of Immigration and Citizenship) [2014] AusHRC 69 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 27 Feb 2014 AustLII flag 1
Palmer v Department of Corrections HC Auckland CIV 2010-404-2094 [2010] NZHC 560 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 3 May 2010 NZLII flag
PD v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Home Affairs) [2020] AusHRC 138 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 21 Oct 2020 AustLII flag 1
Pora v Attorney-General [2017] NZHC 2081; [2017] 3 NZLR 683 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 28 Aug 2017 NZLII flag 9
Proceedings Commissioner, Fiji Human Rights Commission v Commissioner of Police [2006] FJCA 75 Court of Appeal of Fiji Fiji 24 Nov 2006 PacLII flag 3
Putua v Attorney-General [2022] NZHC 2277; [2023] 2 NZLR 41 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 7 Sep 2022 NZLII flag 5
Rahimi (deceased) v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Border Protection) [2015] AusHRC 94 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 1 Jun 2015 AustLII flag
Reekie v Attorney-General [2012] NZHC 1867 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 30 Jul 2012 NZLII flag 21
Siemer v Stiassny [2011] NZCA 106; [2011] 2 NZLR 361 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 30 Mar 2011 NZLII flag 38
Taione v Pohiva [2006] TOSC 23 Supreme Court of Tonga Tonga 22 Jun 2006 PacLII flag 4
Tapara v Commonwealth of Australia (Department of Immigration and Border Protection) [2014] AusHRC 92 Australian Human Rights Commission Australia - Commonwealth 18 Nov 2014 AustLII flag 2
Taunoa v Attorney-General [2007] NZSC 70; [2008] 1 NZLR 429 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand 31 Aug 2007 NZLII flag 301
Taunoa v Attorney-General HC Wellington CIV 2002 485 742 [2004] NZHC 2209 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 2 Sep 2004 NZLII flag
Te Ua v Secretary for War Pensions [2014] NZHC 1050 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 10 Jun 2014 NZLII flag 5
Wright v Attorney-General [2019] NZHC 59 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 5 Feb 2019 NZLII flag 7
Wright v Bhosale [2015] NZHC 3367; [2016] NZAR 335 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 21 Dec 2015 NZLII flag 10
Yaya v Attorney-General [2007] FJLawRp 5 [2007] FLR 69 Australia 23 Feb 2007 PacLII flag
Yaya vAttorney General [2007] FJHC 136 High Court of Fiji Fiji 23 Feb 2007 PacLII flag
YA’ v. DIRECTOR OF IMMIGRATION [2007] HKCFI 614 Hong Kong Court of First Instance Hong Kong 15 Jun 2007 HKLII flag 2
Zaoui v Attorney-General HC Auckland CIV 2004-404-2309 [2004] NZHC 2384 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 16 Jul 2004 NZLII flag
[2006] HKCFI 1079 (20 September 2006) [2006] HKCFI 1079 Hong Kong Court of First Instance Hong Kong 20 Sep 2006 HKLII flag
[2007] Hkcfi 605 (15 June 2007) [2007] HKCFI 605 Hong Kong Court of First Instance Hong Kong 15 Jun 2007 HKLII flag
[2007] Hkcfi 606 (15 June 2007) [2007] HKCFI 606 Hong Kong Court of First Instance Hong Kong 15 Jun 2007 HKLII flag
[2007] Hkcfi 615 (15 June 2007) [2007] HKCFI 615 Hong Kong Court of First Instance Hong Kong 15 Jun 2007 HKLII flag

Law Journal Articles Referring to this Case

Journal Article Title †  Citation(s) Author Jurisdiction Date Full Text Citation Index
"Engaging with the United Nations Treat Bodies: A Fruitful Dialogue" (2006) 13 Australian International Law Journal 57 Low, Jo En Australia circa 2006 AustLII flag
"Treaty Action and Implementation" (2004) 1 New Zealand Yearbook of International Law 223 Mark Gobbi New Zealand circa 2004 NZLII flag 5
"Baigent damages for breaches of natural justice" [2021] NZPubIntLawJl 10 McRae, Eva New Zealand circa 2021 NZLII flag
"Constitutional Limits on Bills of Rights Introduced by a State or Territory" (2007) 35 (3) Federal Law Review 431 Wilkins, Stefanie Australia circa 2007 AustLII flag

Legislation Cited

Legislation Name Provision
Constitution

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name †  Citation(s) Court Jurisdiction Date Full Text Citation Index
"Arbitrary Arrest and Detention under the New Zealand Bill of Rights - the New Zealand Courts Stumble in Applying the International Covenant" [1993] New Zealand Law Journal 139 New Zealand Law Journal New Zealand circa 1993 flag 2
"Short Happy Life and Tragic Death of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act, The" [1998] New Zealand Law Review 259 New Zealand Law Review New Zealand circa 1998 HeinOnline / Informit / LexisNexis flag 7
"The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Background and Perspective on Article 9(1)" (1973) 3 Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 153 Denver Journal of International Law and Policy United States circa 1973 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 2
"The Role of the Judge in Public Law Litigation" (1976) 89 Harvard Law Review 1281 Harvard Law Review United States circa 1976 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 56
Attorney-General v Manga CA91/98 [1998] NZCA 298; [1999] 1 NZLR 129; (1998) 17 CRNZ 1 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 1 Oct 1998 NZLII flag 8
Attorney-General v Niania [1994] NZHC 1164; [1994] 3 NZLR 106; [1994] 2 HRNZ 430 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 9 Mar 1994 NZLII flag 26
Bivens v Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics 403 US 388; 29 L Ed 2d 619; 91 SCt 1999; 29 L Ed 2; 29 L Ed 619 United States Supreme Court United States 21 Jun 1971 WorldLII flag 2208
Brown v Board of Education 349 US 294; 99 L Ed 1083; 75 SCt 753 United States Supreme Court United States 31 May 1955 WorldLII flag 454
Butler v Countrywide Finance Ltd [1993] NZHC 1171; [1993] 3 NZLR 623 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 30 Apr 1993 NZLII flag 39
Fok Lai Ying v The Governor-in-Council (1997) 7 HKPLR 327; [1997] HKLRD 810 Hong Kong circa 1997 flag 44
Harrison-Broadley v Smith [1964] 1 All ER 867 United Kingdom circa 1964 LexisNexis flag 4
Ibeneweka v Egbuna [1964] 1 WLR 219; 108 Sol Jo 114 United Kingdom circa 1964 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 147
Lane v Holloway [1967] EWCA Civ 1; [1968] 1 QB 379; [1967] 3 All ER 129; [1967] 3 WLR 1003 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Civil Division United Kingdom - England and Wales 30 Jun 1967 BAILII flag 54
Latimer v R (1997) 112 CCC (3d) 193 Canada circa 1997 flag 3
Livingstone v Rawyards Coal Co [1880] UKHL 3; (1880) 5 AC 25; (1880) 7 R (HL) 1 House of Lords United Kingdom - Scotland 13 Feb 1880 BAILII flag 524
Mabo v Queensland [1988] HCA 69; 166 CLR 186 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 8 Dec 1988 AustLII flag 306
Maharaj v Attorney-General of Trinidad and Tobago (No 2) [1978] UKPC 3; [1979] AC 385; [1978] 2 All ER 670; [1978] 2 WLR 902; (1978) 30 WIR 310 Privy Council United Kingdom 27 Feb 1978 BAILII flag 205
Marbury v Madison 5 US 137; 1 Cranch 137; 2 L Ed 135; 2 L Ed 60; 6 Pet 241 United States Supreme Court United States 1 Feb 1803 WorldLII flag 1030
Police v Dibble HC Hamilton AP9/94 [1994] NZHC 2228; (1994) 11 CRNZ 321 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 21 Apr 1994 NZLII flag 2
R v Goodwin (No 2) [1993] NZCA 391; [1993] 2 NZLR 390; [1990-92] 3 NZBORR 314; (1993) 9 CRNZ 394 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 26 Mar 1993 NZLII flag 51
R v Goodwin [1993] 2 NZLR 153; [1990-92] 2 NZBORR 214 New Zealand circa 1993 LexisNexis flag 89
R v M HC Auckland T151/94 [1994] NZHC 1787; [1995] 1 NZLR 242; (1994) 3 HRNZ 393; (1994) 12 CRNZ 268 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 14 Sep 1994 NZLII flag 25
Simpson v Attorney-General [1994] NZCA 287; [1994] 3 NZLR 667; (1994) 1 HRNZ 42 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 29 Jul 1994 NZLII flag 321
Spautz v Butterworth [1996] NSWLR 1 Australia - New South Wales circa 1996 LexisNexis AU flag 1
Tabley Estates Ltd v Hamilton City Council [1996] 1 NZLR 159 New Zealand circa 1996 LexisNexis flag 5
Van Alphen v The Netherlands (1990-1992) 3 NZBORR 326 New Zealand circa 1992 flag 6
79 Er 324 79 ER 324 United Kingdom circa 1978 CommonLII flag 2
1987 1 FC 585; 46 CCC 103 1987 1 FC 585; 46 CCC 103 Federal Court of Canada Canada circa 1987 CanLII flag 1

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