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Civil Pecuniary Penalties   flag 

[2012] NZLCIP 33
New Zealand Law Commission - Issues Papers
New Zealand

Legislation Cited

Legislation Name Provision
Building Act 2004 (ACT)
Gas Act 1992 (ACT)
Proceeds of Crime Act 1991 (ACT)
Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) s1317G, s1317L, s1317P, s1349
Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) s76
Evidence Act 1995 (Cth) s140
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) s376, s486A
Spam Act 2003 (Cth) s20
Superannuation Industry (Supervision) Act 1993 (Cth) s193
Telecommunications Act 1997 (Cth) s570
Customs Act (Cth)
Commonwealth Authorities and Companies Act 1997 (Cth)
Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) s79, s75B
Conveyancers Act 2006 (Vic)
Health Act 1956 (Vic)
Arbitration Act 1954
Finance Act 1994
Finance Act 1994
Immigration and Asylum Act 1999
Value Added Tax Act 1994

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name Citation(s) Court Jurisdiction Date †  Full Text Citation Index
Telecom Corporation of New Zealand Ltd v Commerce Commission [2012] NZCA 344 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 3 Aug 2012 NZLII flag 42
Down v R [2012] NZSC 21; [2012] 2 NZLR 585; (2012) 17 ELRNZ 283 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand 3 Apr 2012 NZLII flag 7
Siemer v Heron [2011] NZSC 133; [2012] 1 NZLR 309; (2011) 21 PRNZ 145 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand 8 Nov 2011 NZLII flag 89
AMI Insurance Ltd v Devcich [2011] NZCA 266; (2011) 16 ANZ Insurance Cases 61-895 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 14 Jun 2011 NZLII flag 8
Commerce Commission v Telecom Corporation of New Zealand Ltd [2011] NZHC 2110; [2011] NZCCLR 19; (2011) 13 TCLR 270 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 19 Apr 2011 NZLII flag 21
[2011] NZLR 475 [2011] NZLR 475 New Zealand circa 2011 LexisNexis flag 1
(2011) 70 CLJ 353 (2011) 70 CLJ 353 circa 2011 2
"Fixing the Price of Commerce Act Breaches" [2011] New Zealand Law Journal 230 New Zealand Law Journal New Zealand circa 2011 flag 4
Hessell v R [2010] NZSC 135; [2011] 1 NZLR 607; (2010) 24 CRNZ 966 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand 16 Nov 2010 NZLII flag 1255
Commerce Commission v Siemens AG HC Auckland CIV 2007-404-2165 [2010] NZHC 1915; (2010) 13 TCLR 40 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 28 Oct 2010 NZLII flag 3
Siemer v Solicitor-General [2010] NZSC 54; [2010] 3 NZLR 767; (2010) 24 CRNZ 748 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand 17 May 2010 NZLII flag 96
Connolly v R [2010] NZCA 129 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 15 Apr 2010 NZLII flag 9
Couch v Attorney-General (No 2) [2010] NZSC 27; [2010] 3 NZLR 149 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand 24 Mar 2010 NZLII flag 114
Lavallee v Alberta (Securities Commission) [2010] ABCA 48 Court of Appeal of Alberta Canada - Alberta circa 2010 CanLII flag 1
[2010] Act 7104 [2010] Act 7104 United Kingdom circa 2010 flag 1
"Criminal Proceeds Recovery" [2010] New Zealand Law Journal 205 New Zealand Law Journal New Zealand circa 2010 flag 2
"`Civil Penalties': Oxymoron, Chimera and Stealth Sanction" (2010) 126 Law Quarterly Review 593 Law Quarterly Review United Kingdom circa 2010 Westlaw flag 3
Commerce Commission v Carter Holt Harvey Ltd [2009] NZSC 120; [2010] 1 NZLR 379; [2010] NZCCLR 17; (2009) 12 TCLR 506; (2010) 9 NZBLC 102,844 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand 27 Nov 2009 NZLII flag 51
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Rich [2009] NSWSC 1229; (2009) 236 FLR 1; (2009) 75 ACSR 1 Supreme Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 18 Nov 2009 AustLII flag 246
New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants v Clarke [2009] NZHC 249; [2009] 3 NZLR 264; (2009) 19 PRNZ 246 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 4 Mar 2009 NZLII flag 29
"Civil Penalties and Responsive Regulation: The Gap between Theory and Practice" (2009) 33 Melbourne University Law Review 908 Melbourne University Law Review Australia circa 2009 AustLII flag 12
"Effective Regulation by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission: The Civil Penalty Problem" (2009) 33 Melbourne University Law Review 802 Melbourne University Law Review Australia circa 2009 AustLII flag 8
"Testing responsive regulation in regulatory enforcement" (2009) 3 Regulation and Governance 376 Regulation and Governance circa 2009 6
"The regulatory dilemma: The choice between overlapping criminal sanctions and civil penalties for contraventions of the directors' duty provisions" (2009) 27 Company and Securities Law Journal 370 Company and Securities Law Journal Australia circa 2009 Legal Online flag 4
"`Decriminalisation' a Pernicious Heresy?" (2009) 13 Edinburgh Law Review 112 Edinburgh Law Review United Kingdom - Scotland circa 2009 HeinOnline flag 1
"How many standards of proof are there?" (2009) 125 Law Quarterly Review 31 Law Quarterly Review United Kingdom circa 2009 Westlaw flag 2
Commerce Commission v Alstom Holdings SA [2008] NZHC 2127; [2009] NZCCLR 22 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 22 Dec 2008 NZLII flag 68
Smith v Attorney-General [2008] NZHC 1744; [2009] 1 NZLR 535 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 12 Nov 2008 NZLII flag 2
Combined Beneficiaries Union Inc v Auckland City COGS Committee [2008] NZCA 423; [2009] 2 NZLR 56; (2008) 9 HRNZ 12 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 16 Oct 2008 NZLII flag 52
Z v Dental Complaints Assessment Committee [2008] NZSC 55; [2009] 1 NZLR 1; [2009] NZLRSC 1 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand 25 Jul 2008 NZLII flag 1372
B (Children) (Care Proceedings: Standard of Proof), Re [2008] UKHL 35; [2009] 1 AC 11; [2008] 4 All ER 1; [2008] 3 WLR 1; [2008] All ER (D) 134; [2008] Fam Law 837 House of Lords United Kingdom 11 Jun 2008 BAILII flag 980
New Zealand Bus Ltd v Commerce Commission [2007] NZCA 502; [2008] 3 NZLR 433; (2008) 12 TCLR 69 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 6 Jun 2008 NZLII flag 45
"Negotiating the third way: Developing effective process in civil penalty litigation" (2008) 26 Company and Securities Law Journal 249 Company and Securities Law Journal Australia circa 2008 Legal Online flag 8
"Privilege Against Self-incrimination, Penalty Privilege & Legal Professional Privilege under Laws Governing ASIC, APRA, ACCC, ATO - Suggested Reforms" (2008) 30 Australian Bar Review 282 Australian Bar Review Australia circa 2008 LexisNexis AU flag 6
"Overcoming Procedural Boundaries" (2008) 94 Virginia Law Review 79 Virginia Law Review United States circa 2008 LexisNexis flag 5
"Negotiating the Third Way: Developing Effective Process in Civil Penalty Litigation" (2008) 26 Company and Securities Law Journal 507 Company and Securities Law Journal Australia circa 2008 Legal Online flag 1
"Out of Court and Out of Sight: How Often are "Alternatives to Prosecution" Used?" (2008) 12 Edinburgh Law Review 481 Edinburgh Law Review United Kingdom - Scotland circa 2008 HeinOnline flag 1
R v Owen [2007] NZSC 102; [2008] 2 NZLR 37; (2007) 23 CRNZ 710 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand 11 Dec 2007 NZLII flag 234
Commerce Commission v Carter Holt Harvey Ltd [2007] NZHC 1799; [2008] 1 NZLR 387; (2007) 11 TCLR 900; (2007) 8 NZBLC 102,006 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 7 Jun 2007 NZLII flag 8
Commerce Commission v Koppers Arch Wood Protection (NZ) Ltd [2007] NZHC 2146; [2007] 2 NZLR 805 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 16 Mar 2007 NZLII flag 8
Solicitor-General v Miss Alice [2007] NZHC 48; [2007] 2 NZLR 783 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 14 Feb 2007 NZLII flag 38
R v Hansen [2007] NZSC 7; [2007] 3 NZLR 1; (2007) 23 CRNZ 104; (2007) 8 HRNZ 222 Supreme Court of New Zealand New Zealand circa 2007 NZLII flag 362
"Theorising Asset Forfeiture in Ireland" [2007] Journal of Contract Law 71 Journal of Contract Law Australia circa 2007 LexisNexis AU flag 2
R v S (Ca64/06) [2007] NZCA 243 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand circa 2007 NZLII flag 19
"The Journey Towards Effective Insider Trading Regulation in New Zealand" (2007) 13 New Zealand Business Law Quarterly 290 New Zealand Business Law Quarterly New Zealand circa 2007 Westlaw flag 2
Securities Commission v Midavia Rail Investments BVBA CA252/05 [2006] NZCA 505; [2007] 2 NZLR 454; (2006) 3 NZCCLR 797 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 29 Nov 2006 NZLII flag 4
Commerce Commission v New Zealand Bus Ltd HC Auckland CIV 2007-404 [2006] NZHC 736; (2006) 3 NZCCLR 111; (2006) 11 TCLR 679; (2006) 8 NZBLC 101,774 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 29 Jun 2006 NZLII flag 31
Commerce Commission v Koppers Arch Wood Protection (NZ) Ltd [2006] NZHC 341; (2006) 11 TCLR 581 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 6 Apr 2006 NZLII flag 33
"The Evolution in Civil Penalty Proceedings" (2006) 24 Company and Securities Law Journal 56 Company and Securities Law Journal Australia circa 2006 Legal Online flag 4
"Criminal Punishment Without Civil Rights: The Criminal Proceeds and Instruments Bill's Punitive Civil Sanctions" (2006) 37 Victoria University of Wellingtion Law Review 623 Victoria University of Wellingtion Law Review New Zealand circa 2006 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 2
"Of Arsenic, Antitrust and Agreed Penalties for Price Fixing" (2006) 12 New Zealand Business Law Quarterly 253 New Zealand Business Law Quarterly New Zealand circa 2006 Westlaw flag 3
"Civil penalties: Emphasising the adjective or the noun" (2006) 34 Australian Business Law Review 139 Australian Business Law Review Australia circa 2006 Legal Online flag 5
Securities Commission v Midavia Rail Investments BVBA [2005] NZHC 1210; [2006] 2 NZLR 207; (2005) 2 NZCCLR 840 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 28 Sep 2005 NZLII flag 4
Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Vizard [2005] FCA 1037; (2005) 145 FCR 57; 219 ALR 714; 54 ACSR 394; 23 ACLC 1309 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 28 Jul 2005 AustLII flag 78
R v Taueki [2005] NZCA 174; [2005] 3 NZLR 372; (2005) 21 CRNZ 769 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 30 Jun 2005 NZLII flag 1733
"Theorizing Criminal Law: a 25th Anniversary Essay" (2005) 25 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 353 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies United Kingdom circa 2005 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
(2005) 628 NZPD 1043 (2005) 628 NZPD 1043 New Zealand circa 2005 flag 2
R (N) v Mental Health Review Tribunal (Northern Region) [2005] EWHC 386 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2005 BAILII flag
R v Morgan [2004] NZCA 353; [2005] 1 NZLR 791 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 18 Oct 2004 NZLII flag 14
Martineau v MNR [2004] 3 RCS 737; [2004] SCC 81; [2004] 3 SCR 737; [2004] SCJ No 58 Supreme Court of Canada Canada 14 Oct 2004 Supreme Court of Canada flag 4
Rich v Australian Securities and Investments Commission [2004] HCA 42; (2004) 220 CLR 129; (2004) 209 ALR 271; (2004) 78 ALJR 1354; 50 ACSR 242; 22 ACLC 1198 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 9 Sep 2004 AustLII flag 498
Commerce Commission v Ophthalmological Society of New Zealand Incorporated HC Wellington CIV 1997-485-34 [2004] NZHC 1041; [2004] 3 NZLR 689; (2004) 11 TCLR 226 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 30 Jun 2004 NZLII flag 19
van Niewkoop v Registrar of Companies [2004] NZHC 2293; [2005] 1 NZLR 796 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 18 Feb 2004 NZLII flag 8
"Does Criminal Law Deter? A Behavioural Science Investigation" [2004] Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 173 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies United Kingdom circa 2004 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
Giltrap City Ltd v Commerce Commission [2004] 1 NZLR 608; (2003) 7 NZBLC 104,009; (2003) 10 TCLR 831 New Zealand circa 2004 LexisNexis flag 48
Sheldrake v DPP; Attorney General's Reference (No 4 of 2002) [2004] UKHL 43; [2005] 1 AC 264; [2005] 1 All ER 237; [2004] 3 WLR 976; [2005] RTR 13; (2004) 168 JP 669; (2004) 17 BHRC 339; [2004] All ER (D) 169 House of Lords United Kingdom circa 2004 BAILII flag 139
Kelly v Legal Services Agency (2004) 17 PRNZ 449 New Zealand circa 2004 flag 5
"The Criminal Law as Last Resort" (2004) 24 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 207 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies United Kingdom circa 2004 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 6
Ithaca (Custodians) Ltd v Perry Corporation [2003] NZCA 358; [2004] 1 NZLR 731; (2003) 9 NZCLC 263,386 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 4 Nov 2003 NZLII flag 118
Haylock v Southern Petroleum NL [2003] NZCA 72; [2003] 2 NZLR 175; (2003) 9 NZCLC 263,209 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 3 Apr 2003 NZLII flag 8
"Burdens and Standards in Civil Litigation" (2003) 25 Sydney Law Review 165 Sydney Law Review Australia circa 2003 AustLII flag 27
"The difficulties of applying civil evidence and procedure rules in ASIC's civil penalty proceedings under the Corporations Act 2001Cth" (2003) 21 Company and Securities Law Journal 507 Company and Securities Law Journal Australia circa 2003 Legal Online flag 4
Commerce Commission v Roche Products (New Zealand) Ltd [2003] 2 NZLR 519 New Zealand circa 2003 LexisNexis flag 11
"Expanding criminal sanctions for corporate crimes – deprivation of right to work and cancellation of education qualifications" (2003) 21 Company and Securities Law Journal 7 Company and Securities Law Journal Australia circa 2003 Legal Online flag 3
R (McCann) v Crown Court at Manchester; Clingham v Kensington [2002] UKHL 39; [2003] 1 AC 787; [2002] 4 All ER 593; [2002] 3 WLR 1313; [2002] All ER (D) 246; [2002] UKHRR 1286; (2002) 166 JPN 850; [2003] 1 Cr App R 27; 13 BHRC 482; (2002) 166 JP 657 House of Lords United Kingdom 17 Oct 2002 BAILII flag 208
Moonen v Film and Literature Board of Review [2002] NZCA 69; [2002] 2 NZLR 754; (2002) 6 HRNZ 623 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 16 Apr 2002 NZLII flag 50
International Transport Roth GmbH v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2002] EWCA Civ 158; [2003] QB 728; [2002] 3 WLR 344; [2002] All ER (D) 325; [2002] HRLR 31 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Civil Division United Kingdom - England and Wales 22 Feb 2002 BAILII flag 248
Commerce Commission v Giltrap City Ltd HC Auckland CP88-AS94 [2002] NZHC 38; (2002) 10 TCLR 305 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 5 Feb 2002 NZLII flag 3
Right to Appeal and Workable Systems of Justice" (2002) 65 MLR 676 Malaysia circa 2002 flag 2
Pow Trust v Chief Executive and Registrar of Companies House [2002] EWHC 2783 High Court of England and Wales United Kingdom - England and Wales circa 2002 BAILII flag 1
"The Regulation and Prosecution of Insider Trading in Australia: Towards Civil Penalty Sanctions for Insider Trading" [2002] Company and Securities Law Journal 89 Company and Securities Law Journal Australia circa 2002 Legal Online flag 2
Drew v Attorney-General [2001] NZCA 207; [2002] 1 NZLR 58; (2001) 6 HRNZ 368; (2001) 18 CRNZ 465 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 12 Jul 2001 NZLII flag 100
Han v Commissioners of Customs and Excise [2001] EWCA Civ 1040; [2001] 4 All ER 687; [2001] 1 WLR 2253 England and Wales Court of Appeal - Civil Division United Kingdom - England and Wales 27 Jun 2001 BAILII flag 54
Harlow Finance and Leasing Ltd v Sterling Nominees Ltd HC Auckland M 1992-IM00 [2001] NZHC 511; (2001) 15 PRNZ 633 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 18 Jun 2001 NZLII flag 6
(2001) 70 CLJ 229 (2001) 70 CLJ 229 circa 2001 1
"To Stay or not to Stay: Concurrent Civil and Criminal Proceedings" [2001] Law Institute Journal 57 Law Institute Journal Australia - Victoria circa 2001 flag 1
"Taxing Crimes" [2001] Solicitors Journal 939 Solicitor's Journal United Kingdom circa 2001 flag 1
"Commerce Act Penalties for Individuals" [2001] New Zealand Law Journal 339 New Zealand Law Journal New Zealand circa 2001 flag 2
DaimlerChrysler AG v Alavi (t/a MERC) [2001] UKPC 29; [2001] 2 BCLC 290; [2001] 1 WLR 1915; [2001] IP & T 496; [2001] RPC 813; [2001] IRLR 764; [2001] 2 All ER (Comm) 481; [2001] All ER (D) 189; [2001] ACD 71 Privy Council United Kingdom circa 2001 BAILII flag 193
Blencoe v British Columbia (Human Rights Commission) [2000] SCC 44; [2000] 2 SCR 307; (2000) 190 DLR (4th) 513 Supreme Court of Canada Canada 5 Oct 2000 Supreme Court of Canada flag 25
Juken Nissho Ltd v Northland Regional Council [2000] 2 NZLR 556; [2000] NZRMA 410 New Zealand circa 2000 LexisNexis flag 7
Drew v Attat'-ney-General [2000] 3 NZLR 750 New Zealand circa 2000 LexisNexis flag 3
"Civil Penalties and the Enforcement of Directors' Duties" (1999) 22 University of New South Wales Law Journal 417 University of New South Wales Law Journal Australia circa 1999 AustLII flag 12
"Redrawing the Criminal Civil Boundary" (1999) 2 Buffalo Criminal Law Review 681 Buffalo Criminal Law Review United States circa 1999 HeinOnline flag 1
(1999) 62 MLR 167 (1999) 62 MLR 167 Malaysia circa 1999 flag 3
Paki v Maori Land Court [1999] 3 NZLR 700 New Zealand circa 1999 LexisNexis flag 10
Pearce v R [1998] HCA 57; (1998) 194 CLR 610; (1998) 156 ALR 684; (1998) 72 ALJR 1416; (1998) 103 A Crim R 372; (1998) 15 Leg Rep C1 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 10 Sep 1998 AustLII flag 2617
John Managh & Associates & Cafe Down Under Ltd v Wallington CA229/96 [1998] NZCA 108; [1998] 3 NZLR 546; (1998) 5 NZELC 95,827; [1998] 2 ERNZ 337 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 11 Jun 1998 NZLII flag 12
Jury v Fonseca AEC36/98 [1998] NZEmpC 85; [1998] 2 ERNZ 548 New Zealand Employment Court New Zealand 20 May 1998 NZLII flag 3
Daniels v Thompson [1998] NZCA 3; [1998] 3 NZLR 22 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 12 Feb 1998 NZLII flag 66
AP, MP and TP v Switzerland (1998) 28 EHRR 541 European Court of Human Rights Europe circa 1998 flag 1
Ellison v L [1998] 1 NZLR 416 New Zealand circa 1998 LexisNexis flag 31
"Questions of Law" (1998) 114 Law Quarterly Review 292 Law Quarterly Review United Kingdom circa 1998 Westlaw flag 21
Commerce Commission v Taylor Preston Ltd [1998] 3 NZLR 498; (1999) 9 TCLR 305; (1998) 6 NZBLC 102,470 New Zealand circa 1998 LexisNexis flag 18
Quilter v Attorney-General [1997] NZCA 207; [1998] 1 NZLR 523; (1997) 2 CHRLD 206; (1997) 4 HRNZ 170; (1997) 16 FRNZ 298; (1997) 3 BHRC 461; [1998] NZFLR 196 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 17 Dec 1997 NZLII flag 137
Commerce Commission v Giltrap City Ltd [1997] NZCA 330; (1997) 11 PRNZ 573 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 16 Dec 1997 NZLII flag 50
Hudson v United States 522 US 93; 139 L Ed 2d 450; 118 SCt 488 United States Supreme Court United States 10 Dec 1997 WorldLII flag 97
Commerce Commission v North Albany Motors Ltd HC Auckland CP88/94 [1997] NZHC 1365; (1997) 7 TCLR 575 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 5 May 1997 NZLII flag 3
Director-General of Social Welfare v Ilyes HC Christchurch AP103/95 [1997] NZHC 1410; [1997] NZAR 292 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 14 Mar 1997 NZLII flag 4
Ali v Deportation Review Tribunal [1997] NZHC 1138; [1997] NZAR 208 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 17 Jan 1997 NZLII flag 55
McLaren Transport Ltd v Somerville [1996] NZHC 1601; [1996] 3 NZLR 424; (1997) 6 NZBLC 102,119 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 13 Aug 1996 NZLII flag 30
Australian Securities Commission v Kippe [1996] FCA 517; (1996) 67 FCR 499; 137 ALR 423; (1996) 20 ACSR 679; (1996) 14 ACLC 1226 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 28 Jun 1996 AustLII flag 64
Real Estate Institute Of New Zealand Inc v Private Sale Co (Auckland Central) Ltd HC Auckland CP504/94 [1996] NZHC 1843; [1996] 2 NZLR 371; (1996) 3 NZ Conv C 192,329 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 4 Mar 1996 NZLII flag 4
Bay of Plenty Regional Council v Bay Milk Products Ltd [1996] 3 NZLR 120 New Zealand circa 1996 LexisNexis flag 7
BMW New Zealand Ltd v PepiHoldings Ltd (1996) 7 TCLR 357 New Zealand circa 1996 flag 5
"The Criminal Civil Distinction and the Utility of Desert" (1996) 76 Boston University Law Review 201 Boston University Law Review United States circa 1996 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 3
Duff v Communicado Ltd [1996] 2 NZLR 89 New Zealand circa 1996 LexisNexis flag 27
"The Problematic Nature of Civil Penalties in Corporations Law" [1996] Company and Securities Law Journal 405 Company and Securities Law Journal Australia circa 1996 Legal Online flag 2
Re H (Minors) (Sexual Abuse: Standard of Proof) [1996] AC 563 United Kingdom circa 1996 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 909
"The problematic nature of civil penalties in the Corporations Law" (1996) 14 Company and Securities Law Journal 405 Company and Securities Law Journal Australia circa 1996 Legal Online flag 10
Megavitamin Laboratories (N Z) Ltd v Commerce Commission HC Christchurch AP183/94 [1995] NZHC 1164; (1995) 6 TCLR 231; (1995) 5 NZBLC 103,834 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 5 Apr 1995 NZLII flag 36
R v Brightwell (1995) 12 CRNZ 642 New Zealand circa 1995 flag 7
R v Brightwell [1995] 2 NZLR 435 New Zealand circa 1995 LexisNexis flag 22
Witham v Holloway [1995] HCA 3; (1995) 183 CLR 525; (1995) 131 ALR 401; (1995) 69 ALJR 847; 83 A Crim R 472 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 1995 AustLII flag 759
T v H [1995] 3 NZLR 37 New Zealand circa 1995 LexisNexis flag 43
"Proposal for a More Responsive Approach to the Regulation of Corporate Governance, A" (1995) 23 FedLRev 277 Federal Law Review Australia circa 1995 HeinOnline flag 1
Guy v Medical Council of New Zealand [1994] NZHC 1445; (1994) 8 PRNZ 109; [1995] NZAR 67 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 15 Dec 1994 NZLII flag 42
Simpson v Attorney-General [1994] NZCA 287; [1994] 3 NZLR 667; (1994) 1 HRNZ 42 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 29 Jul 1994 NZLII flag 313
Port Nelson Ltd v Commerce Commission CA111/94 [1994] NZCA 528; [1994] 3 NZLR 435; (1994) 7 PRNZ 487 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 1 Jul 1994 NZLII flag 20
Canada Inc v Quebec (Attorney General); Tabah v Quebec (Attorney General) [1994] 2 SCR 339 Supreme Court of Canada Canada 26 May 1994 Supreme Court of Canada flag 1
Commerce Commission v New Zealand Milk Corporation Ltd HC Wellington CP412/93 [1994] NZHC 1055; [1994] 2 NZLR 730; [1994] 5 TCLR 550; [1994] 5 NZBLC 103,480 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 29 Apr 1994 NZLII flag 48
Bendenoun v France [1994] ECHR 7; (1994) 18 EHRR 54 European Court of Human Rights Europe 24 Feb 1994 BAILII flag 24
"Civil Penalties in Australian Legislation" (1994) 13 University of Tasmania Law Review 269 University of Tasmania Law Review Australia - Tasmania circa 1994 AustLII flag 9
"Limitations and Burdens" [1994] New Zealand Law Journal 203 New Zealand Law Journal New Zealand circa 1994 flag 1
"Civil Standard of Proof Uncertainty: Probability, Belief and Justice, The" (1994) 16 Sydney Law Review 506 Sydney Law Review Australia circa 1994 AustLII flag 8
Commerce Commission v Wrightson NMA Ltd (1994) 6 TCLR 279 New Zealand circa 1994 flag 8
Colonial Mutual Life Assurance Society Ltd v Wilson Neill Ltd CA42/93 [1993] NZCA 288; [1994] 2 NZLR 152; 7 NZCLC 260,40 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 17 Dec 1993 NZLII flag 19
Meridian Global Funds Management Asia Ltd v Securities Commission CA4/92 [1993] NZCA 664; [1994] 2 NZLR 291; (1994) 7 NZCLC 260,473 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 17 Dec 1993 NZLII flag 5
Police v Smith and Herewini [1993] NZCA 585; [1994] 2 NZLR 306; (1993) 11 CRNZ 78 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 10 Dec 1993 NZLII flag 40
M v Y [1993] NZCA 329; [1994] 1 NZLR 527; (1993) 11 FRNZ 18; [1994] NZFLR 1 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 29 Oct 1993 NZLII flag 64
Service Workers Union of Aotearoa Incorporated v Southern Pacific Hotel Corporation (NZ) Ltd WEC27/93 [1993] NZEmpC 142; (1993) 4 NZELC 98,228; [1993] 2 ERNZ 513 New Zealand Employment Court New Zealand 1 Oct 1993 NZLII flag 11
Natural Gas Corporation Holdings Ltd v Grant HC Auckland CP577/93 [1993] NZHC 2504; [1994] 2 NZLR 252; (1993) 7 PRNZ 231 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 30 Sep 1993 NZLII flag 4
Commerce Comision v Accent Footwear Ltd HC Dunedin CP112/91 [1993] NZHC 1318; (1993) 5 TCLR 448; (1993) 4 NZBLC 103,308 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 14 Sep 1993 NZLII flag 2
New Zealand Rail Ltd v Marlborough District Council [1993] NZCA 327; [1993] 2 NZLR 641; [1994] NZRMA 70 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 6 Apr 1993 NZLII flag 120
Wilson Neill Ltd HC Wellington CP577/92 [1993] NZHC 2107; [1993] 2 NZLR 657; (1993) 6 NZCLC 68,336 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 9 Feb 1993 NZLII flag 7
"Determining the Content of Procedural Fairness" (1993) 19 Monash University Law Review 165 Monash University Law Review Australia circa 1993 AustLII flag 9
Humphrey v Fairweather [1993] 3 NZLR 91; (1992) 6 PRNZ 450 New Zealand circa 1993 LexisNexis flag 30
"The Securities Enforcement Remedies and Penny Stock Reform Act of 1990: By Keeping up with the Joneses, the SEC's Enforcement Arsenal is Modernized" (1993) 7 Administrative Law Journal of the American University 151 Administrative Law Journal of the American University United States circa 1993 HeinOnline / Westlaw flag 1
Ministry of Transport v Noort [1992] NZCA 51; [1992] 3 NZLR 260; [1990-92] 1 NZBORR 97; (1992) 8 CRNZ 114 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 30 Apr 1992 NZLII flag 189
"Paradigms lost: the blurring of the criminal and civil law models – and what can be done about it" (1992) 101 Yale Law Journal 1875 Yale Law Journal United States circa 1992 HeinOnline / Westlaw flag 17
"Punitive Civil Sanctions: The Middleground between Criminal and Civil Law" (1992) 101 Yale Law Journal 1795 Yale Law Journal United States circa 1992 HeinOnline / Westlaw flag 25
"Corporate Officers Bounden Duty and Service and Reasonable Lively Sacrifice" (1992) 6 Butterworths Corporate Law Bulletin 61 Butterworths Corporate Law Bulletin circa 1992 LexisNexis 2
Re Network Agencies International Ltd (in Liq) HC Hamilton M101/84 [1991] NZHC 2072; [1992] 3 NZLR 325 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 19 Dec 1991 NZLII flag 17
R v Rangi [1991] NZCA 296; [1992] 1 NZLR 385 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 19 Jul 1991 NZLII flag 11
"Does Unlawful Mean Criminal: Reflections on the Disappearing Tort/Crime Distinction in American Law" (1991) 71 Boston University Law Review 193 Boston University Law Review United States circa 1991 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 6
R v Wholesale Travel Group (1992) 84 DLR (4th) 161; (1991) 8 CR (4th) 145; [1991] SCR 154 Supreme Court of Canada Canada circa 1991 flag 7
Honda NZ Ltd v NZ (with exceptions) Shipwrights etc Union [1991] 1 NZLR 392; (1990) 3 NZELC 98,130; [1990] 3 NZILR 23; (1990) 4 PRNZ 330 New Zealand 17 Sep 1990 NZLII flag 73
Ministry of Transport v Hyndman HC Auckland AP52/90 [1990] NZHC 381; [1990] 3 NZLR 480; (1990) 6 CRNZ 148 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 14 May 1990 NZLII flag 9
Commission v Wellington Branch of New Zealand Institute of Driving Instructors (1990) 8 NZAR 559 New Zealand circa 1990 flag 1
"Public Welfare/Regulatory Offences: Judicial Criteria for Definition and classification (II)" [1990] New Zealand Law Journal 365 New Zealand Law Journal New Zealand circa 1990 flag 1
Watson v Clarke and Lawlor [1990] 1 NZLR 715 New Zealand circa 1990 LexisNexis flag 30
R v Shubley [1990] 1 SCR 3 circa 1990 8
Commission v Otago and Southland Vegetable and Produce Growers' Association (Inc) (1990) 4 TCLR 14 New Zealand circa 1990 flag 2
"Public Welfare/Regulatory Offences: Judicial Criteria for Definition and Classification (I)" [1990] New Zealand Law Journal 236 New Zealand Law Journal New Zealand circa 1990 flag 1
Hutton v Palmer [1990] 2 NZLR 260 New Zealand circa 1990 LexisNexis flag 47
Wells v Lewis (1990) 3 PRNZ 454 New Zealand circa 1990 flag 4
R v O'Rourke CA133/89 [1989] NZCA 244; [1990] 1 NZLR 155 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 15 Dec 1989 NZLII flag 15
United States v Halper 490 US 435; 104 L Ed 2d 487; 109 SCt 1892 United States Supreme Court United States 15 May 1989 WorldLII flag 274
Commerce Commission v Fletcher Challenge Ltd HC Wellington CP335/88 [1989] NZHC 236; [1989] 2 NZLR 554; (1989) 4 NZCLC 64,973; (1989) 2 NZBLC 103,463 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 20 Apr 1989 NZLII flag 27
"The Domain of Courts" (1989) 137 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 2219 University of Pennsylvania Law Review United States circa 1989 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 2
R v Kerr HC Wellington T26/87 [1988] NZHC 1990; (1988) 4 CRNZ 91 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 18 Nov 1988 NZLII flag 3
Tru Tone Ltd v Festival Records Retail Marketing Ltd [1988] NZCA 179; [1988] 2 NZLR 352; (1988) 2 NZBLC 103,286; (1988) 2 TCLR 542 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 19 Sep 1988 NZLII flag 68
Dehn v Attorney-General [1988] NZHC 418; [1988] 2 NZLR 564 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 12 Aug 1988 NZLII flag 37
Otago Clerical Workers IUOW v McLeod Bros (Ltd) [1988] NZILR 1308 New Zealand circa 1988 flag 3
Ngaamo v Ministry of Transport [1987] 1 NZLR 170 New Zealand circa 1987 LexisNexis flag 8
Shotover Gorge Jet Boats Ltd v Jamieson [1987] 1 NZLR 437 New Zealand circa 1987 LexisNexis flag 58
R v Hunt [1987] AC 352; [1987] 1 All ER 1; (1986) 84 Cr App R 163; [1986] 3 WLR 1115 United Kingdom circa 1987 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 98
R v Wigglesworth [1987] 2 SCR 541 circa 1987 18
Millar v Ministry of Transport [1986] NZCA 593; [1986] 1 NZLR 660; (1986) 2 CRNZ 216 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 23 Oct 1986 NZLII flag 124
Inspector of Awards v Hartley [1986] ACJ 344 circa 1986 1
Gregoriadis v Commissioner of Inland Revenue [1986] 1 NZLR 110 New Zealand circa 1986 LexisNexis flag 31
Cook v Gibbons (1986) 3 FRNZ 257 New Zealand circa 1986 flag 1
Yorke v Lucas [1985] HCA 65; (1985) 158 CLR 661; (1985) 61 ALR 307; (1985) 59 ALJR 776; [1985] ATPR 40-622 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 1985 AustLII flag 1286
R v Samuels [1985] 1 NZLR 350 New Zealand circa 1985 LexisNexis flag 26
Osborne v Robertson HC Wellington A483/83 [1984] NZHC 107; [1985] 2 NZLR 680 High Court of New Zealand New Zealand 5 Jul 1984 NZLII flag 2
Ozturk v Germany [1984] ECHR 1; (1984) 6 EHRR 409 European Court of Human Rights Europe 21 Feb 1984 BAILII flag 27
T v M (1984) 2 NZFLR 462 New Zealand circa 1984 flag 24
Busby v Thorn EMI Video Programmes Ltd [1984] 1 NZLR 461; (1984) 2 IPR 304 New Zealand circa 1984 LexisNexis flag 37
Civil Aviation Department v MacKenzie [1983] NZLR 78; (1983) 1 CRNZ 38 New Zealand circa 1983 LexisNexis flag 114
Pyneboard Pty Ltd v Trade Practices Commission [1983] HCA 9; (1983) 152 CLR 328; 45 ALR 609; (1983) 57 ALJR 236; 5 TPR 75; [1983] ATPR 40-341 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 1983 AustLII flag 337
Briginshaw v Briginshaw [1938] HCA 34; (1938) 60 CLR 336; [1938] ALR 334; 12 ALJR 100 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 14 Oct 1982 AustLII flag 10253
Santosky v Kramer 455 US 745; 71 L Ed 2d 599; 102 SCt 1388 United States Supreme Court United States 24 Mar 1982 WorldLII flag 195
R v Clarke [1982] NZCA 11; [1982] 1 NZLR 654 Court of Appeal of New Zealand New Zealand 5 Mar 1982 NZLII flag 17
R v Pene [1982] 2 NZLR 652 New Zealand circa 1982 LexisNexis flag 4
Ducret v Colourshot Pty Ltd (1981) 35 ALR 503; [1981] TPRS 314115; [1981] ATPR 42,667 Australia circa 1981 LexisNexis AU flag 17
Newark Engineering (NZ) Ltd v Jenkin [1980] 1 NZLR 504 New Zealand circa 1980 LexisNexis flag 14
TPC v Bata Shoe Co of Australia Pty Ltd [1980] ATPR 40,161 Australia circa 1980 IntelliConnect flag 14
"Administrative Penalties Are Here to Stay But how Should They Be Implemented?" (1977) 26 American University Law Review 847 American University Law Review United States circa 1977 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
Engel v The Netherlands (No 1) [1976] ECHR 3; (1976) 1 EHRR 647 European Court of Human Rights Europe 8 Jun 1976 BAILII flag 199
R v Moore [1974] 1 NZLR 417 New Zealand circa 1974 LexisNexis flag 17
R v Lee [1973] 1 NZLR 13 New Zealand circa 1973 LexisNexis flag 13
Sweet v Parsley [1969] UKHL 1; [1970] AC 132; [1969] 1 All ER 347; (1969) 53 Cr App R 221; [1969] 2 WLR 470 House of Lords United Kingdom 23 Jan 1969 BAILII flag 312
Murphy v Waterfront Commission 378 US 52; 12 L Ed 2d 678; 84 SCt 1594 United States Supreme Court United States 15 Jun 1964 WorldLII flag 382
Green v United States 355 US 184; 78 SCt 221; 60 Cal2d 482; 386 P2d 677; 2 L Ed 199; 61 ALR 2d 1119; 35 Cal Rptr 77; 3 Pet 431; 2 Cranch 33; 2 L Ed 2d 199; 61 ALR 2d 111948; 3 Wheat 591 United States Supreme Court United States 16 Dec 1957 WorldLII flag 561
Hornal v Neuberger Products Ltd [1957] 1 QB 247; [1956] 3 All ER 970 United Kingdom circa 1957 LexisNexis / Westlaw flag 254
Russell v Duke of Norfolk [1949] 1 All ER 109; 65 TLR 65 United Kingdom circa 1949 LexisNexis flag 499
United States v United Mine Workers 330 US 258; 91 L Ed 884; 67 SCt 677; 91 L Ed 2d 884 United States Supreme Court United States 6 Mar 1947 WorldLII flag 687
R v Holland NZCA [1914] NZGazLawRp 59; (1914) 33 NZLR 931; (1914) 16 GLR 520 New Zealand Gazette Law Reports New Zealand 20 Apr 1914 NZLII flag 10
"The Multiple Middlegrounds Between Civil and Criminal Law" (1992) 101 Yale Law Journal 1901 Yale Law Journal United States circa 1901 HeinOnline / Westlaw flag 3
Redfern v Redfern [1890] UKLawRpPro 60; [1891] P 139 United Kingdom 16 Dec 1890 CommonLII flag 42
Boyd v United States 116 US 634; 116 US 616; 29 L Ed 2d 746; 29 L Ed 746; 6 SCt 524 United States Supreme Court United States 1 Feb 1886 WorldLII flag 740
United States v Chouteau 102 US 603; 26 L Ed 246 United States Supreme Court United States 1 Oct 1880 WorldLII flag 18
Duncan v Louisiana 391 US 145; 20 L Ed 2d 491; 88 SCt 1444; 20 L Ed 491; 13 Wall 531 United States Supreme Court United States 1 Dec 1871 WorldLII flag 507
Hyder v Newcomb 365 SW 2d 271; 236 Ark 231 US circa 2002 1
65 Yale Law Journal 62 65 Yale Law Journal 62 Yale Law Journal United States circa 2002 HeinOnline / Westlaw flag 1
27 a2d 363 27 A2d 363 United States circa 2002 flag 1
Isbn 33, 978-1-877569-40-1 ISBN 33, 978-1-877569-40-1 ISBN circa 2002 1

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