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Martinez v Minister for Immigration & Citizenship   flag  73

[2009] FCA 528; (2009) 177 FCR 337; (2009) 256 ALR 32; (2009) 109 ALD 260
Federal Court of Australia
Australia - Commonwealth
21st May, 2009

Cases Referring to this Case

Case Name Citation(s) Court Jurisdiction Date †  Full Text Citation Index
ASP19 v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [2024] FedCFamC2G 1166 Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia - Division 2 General Federal Law Australia - Commonwealth 7 Nov 2024 AustLII flag
QHRY v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs [2024] FCA 33 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 29 Jan 2024 AustLII flag
Smiley v City of the Gold Coast [2022] QCAT 445 Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal Australia - Queensland 9 Jun 2023 AustLII flag
Negi and National Disability Insurance Agency [2022] AATA 1453 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 2 Jun 2022 AustLII flag 3
Gardiner v Taungurung Land and Waters Council [2021] FCA 80 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 9 Feb 2021 AustLII flag 7
Singh v Minister for Immigration [2019] FCCA 2796 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 3 Oct 2019 AustLII flag 1
Firefighters Benefit Fund of WA Inc and Commissioner of Taxation (Taxation) [2019] AATA 2775 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 20 Aug 2019 AustLII flag
Yap v Medical Board of Australia [2019] SAHPT 21 Australia 1 Aug 2019 AustLII flag 2
Kemppi v Adani Mining Pty Ltd (No 2) [2019] FCAFC 117; (2019) 271 FCR 423 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 12 Jul 2019 AustLII flag 9
O'Rourke and Minister for Home Affairs (Migration) [2019] AATA 1727 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 8 Jul 2019 AustLII flag
Kemei v Minister for Immigration [2019] FCCA 1735 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 24 Jun 2019 AustLII flag 3
Singh v Minister for Immigration [2019] FCCA 1182 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 9 May 2019 AustLII flag
DYU17 v Minister for Immigration [2019] FCCA 824 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 5 Apr 2019 AustLII flag 1
BBX17 v Minister for Immigration [2019] FCCA 59 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 31 Jan 2019 AustLII flag
ESR17 v Minister for Immigration [2018] FCCA 3251 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 16 Nov 2018 AustLII flag
Scutti v City of Wanneroo [2018] WASCA 175; (2018) 53 WAR 417; (2018) 232 LGERA 395 Supreme Court of Western Australia - Court of Appeal Australia - Western Australia 12 Oct 2018 AustLII flag 10
Faber v Child Support Registrar [2018] FCCA 2301 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 20 Aug 2018 AustLII flag
Hillyer v Treasury Wine Estates Ltd and Return to Work SA [2018] SAET 141 Australia 15 Aug 2018 AustLII flag 2
BDY15 v Minister for Immigration [2018] FCCA 1327 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 25 May 2018 AustLII flag
Return to Work Corporation of South Australia v Robinson [2018] SASCFC 32 Supreme Court of South Australia - Full Court Australia - South Australia 11 May 2018 AustLII flag 12
BSX16 v Minister for Immigration [2018] FCCA 821 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 10 Apr 2018 AustLII flag 1
Alawdeen v Minister for Immigration [2018] FCCA 796 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 29 Mar 2018 AustLII flag
EUQ17 v Minister for Immigration [2018] FCCA 696 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 28 Mar 2018 AustLII flag 4
Freeman v Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission [2018] FCA 394 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 22 Mar 2018 AustLII flag 2
Choudhary v Minister for Immigration [2018] FCCA 326 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 28 Feb 2018 AustLII flag 1
AYE16 v Minister for Immigration & Border Protection [2018] FCA 108 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 16 Feb 2018 AustLII flag 32
AJF16 v Minister for Immigration [2018] FCCA 149 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 24 Jan 2018 AustLII flag 1
DWK17 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2018] FCCA 148 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 24 Jan 2018 AustLII flag 1
CVA17 v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2017] FCCA 3208 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 19 Dec 2017 AustLII flag 9
DRN17 v Minister for Immigration [2017] FCCA 2833 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 21 Nov 2017 AustLII flag
Hunter v Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia [2017] NTSC 64 Supreme Court of the Northern Territory Australia - Northern Territory 17 Aug 2017 AustLII flag 3
Igbenoba v Minister for Immigration [2017] FCCA 1539 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 5 Jul 2017 AustLII flag 1
AYE16 v Minister for Immigration [2017] FCCA 1424 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 29 Jun 2017 AustLII flag 12
AYZ16 v Minister for Immigration [2017] FCCA 1444 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 29 Jun 2017 AustLII flag 11
BED16 v Minister for Immigration [2017] FCCA 1454 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 26 Jun 2017 AustLII flag
Singh v Minister for Immigration [2017] FCCA 1153 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 31 May 2017 AustLII flag
WZAUO v Minister for Immigration [2017] FCCA 562 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 29 Mar 2017 AustLII flag
Rashid v Minister for Immigration [2017] FCCA 363 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 9 Mar 2017 AustLII flag 1
Re Culleton (No 2) [2017] HCA 4; (2017) 263 CLR 176; (2017) 341 ALR 1; (2017) 91 ALJR 311 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 3 Feb 2017 AustLII flag 33
Matthews v the Tap Inn Pty Ltd [2015] SADC 108 District Court of South Australia Australia - South Australia 14 Jul 2015 AustLII flag 2
Grass v Minister for Immigration [2014] FCCA 2748 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 28 Nov 2014 AustLII flag
MZAAT v Minister for Immigration [2014] FCCA 2643 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 20 Nov 2014 AustLII flag
MZZVI v Minister for Immigration [2014] FCCA 2538 Federal Circuit Court of Australia Australia 7 Nov 2014 AustLII flag
Jagroop v Minister for Immigration and Border Protection [2014] FCAFC 123; (2014) 225 FCR 482; (2014) 314 ALR 597 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 23 Sep 2014 AustLII flag 125
JM Kelly (Project Builders) Pty Ltd v Queensland Building Services Authority [2013] QCAT 502 Queensland Civil and Administrative Tribunal Australia - Queensland 20 Sep 2013 AustLII flag 13
BZABN v Minister for Immigration [2013] FMCA 25 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 23 Jan 2013 AustLII flag
MZYQF v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2012] FCA 1270 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 15 Nov 2012 AustLII flag 2
Baker v Markellos [2012] SASCFC 114 Supreme Court of South Australia - Full Court Australia - South Australia 3 Oct 2012 AustLII flag 1
MZYVO v Minister for Immigration [2012] FMCA 682 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 10 Aug 2012 AustLII flag
SZQTM v Minister for Immigration [2012] FMCA 594 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 8 Aug 2012 AustLII flag
PZJK and Department of Immigration and Citizenship [2012] AATA 367 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 15 Jun 2012 AustLII flag 1
MZYQF v Minister for Immigration [2012] FMCA 229 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 30 Mar 2012 AustLII flag 1
Szqpa v MIMA [2012] FMCA 123 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 29 Mar 2012 AustLII flag 53
MZYPG v Minister for Immigration [2011] FMCA 1025 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 23 Dec 2011 AustLII flag 1
Ambakkat v Minister for Immigration [2011] FMCA 916 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 30 Nov 2011 AustLII flag
Schuster-McFadyen v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2011] FCA 1303; (2011) 124 ALD 68 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 18 Nov 2011 AustLII flag 37
Martinez and Minister for Immigration and Citizenship, Re [2011] AATA 518; (2011) 122 ALD 406 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 28 Jul 2011 AustLII flag 1
MZYJJ v Minister for Immigration [2011] FMCA 247 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 21 Apr 2011 AustLII flag 1
SZOOR v Minister for Immigration [2011] FMCA 253 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 20 Apr 2011 AustLII flag 1
Hamzy v Commissioner of Corrective Services (NSW) [2011] NSWSC 120; (2011) 80 NSWLR 296 Supreme Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales 11 Mar 2011 AustLII flag 11
Truong v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2010] FCA 1188 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 2 Nov 2010 AustLII flag 1
MZYIA v Minister for Immigration [2010] FMCA 734 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 11 Oct 2010 AustLII flag 2
SZNIL v Minister for Immigration [2010] FMCA 470 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 16 Aug 2010 AustLII flag 5
Truong and Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2010] AATA 490 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 2 Jul 2010 AustLII flag 1
Martinez v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2010] FCA 448; (2010) 268 ALR 39; (2010) 115 ALD 363 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 11 May 2010 AustLII flag 3
MZYGC v Minister for Immigration [2010] FMCA 230 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 9 Apr 2010 AustLII flag 1
Minh Hai Nguyen v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2009] FMCA 902; (2009) 111 ALD 645 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 22 Sep 2009 AustLII flag
Chun Hou Lu v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2009] FMCA 891; 235 FLR 257; (2009) 112 ALD 125 Federal Magistrates Court of Australia Australia 22 Sep 2009 AustLII flag 11
Martinez v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2009] AATA 714 Administrative Appeals Tribunal Australia 21 Sep 2009 AustLII flag 2
SZMPF v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2009] FCA 908; (2009) 111 ALD 412 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 21 Aug 2009 AustLII flag 4

Law Journal Articles Referring to this Case

Journal Article Title Citation(s) Author Jurisdiction Date †  Full Text Citation Index
"Expulsion: A Comparative Study of Australia And France" (2018) 92 Australian Institute of Administrative Law Forum 87 Bostock, Chantal Australia circa 2018 AustLII flag
"Legislating against Constitutional Invalidity: Constitutional Deeming Legislation" (2012) 34 Sydney Law Review 721 Bateman, Will Australia circa 2012 AustLII flag
"Alien by the Barest of Threads - The Legality of the Deportation of Long-Term Residents from Australia, An" (2009) 33 Melbourne University Law Review 483 Foster, Michelle Australia circa 2009 AustLII flag 9

Legislation Cited

Legislation Name Provision
Constitution
Administrative Appeals Tribunal Act 1975 (Cth) s39, s43
Acts Interpretation Act 1901 (Cth) s15AD
Customs Act 1901 (Cth)
Migration Act 1958 (Cth) s494D, s499, s501, s501HA
Federal Court Rules (Cth)
Migration Legislation Amendment Act (No 1) 2008 (Cth)
Migration Reform Act 1992 (Cth)
Migration Reform (Transitional Provisions) Regulations 1994 (Cth)

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name Citation(s) Court Jurisdiction Date †  Full Text Citation Index
Telstra Corporation Ltd v Australian Competition Tribunal [2009] FCAFC 23; (2009) 175 FCR 201; (2009) 108 ALD 232; [2009] ATPR 42-275 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 11 Mar 2009 AustLII flag 40
Martinez v Minister for Immigration & Citizenship [2008] FCA 1994 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 5 Dec 2008 AustLII flag 2
Martinez v Minister for Immigration & Citizenship (No 2) [2008] FCA 1995 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 5 Dec 2008 AustLII flag 3
Telstra Corporation Ltd v Australian Competition and Consumer Commission [2008] FCA 1758; (2008) 176 FCR 153; (2008) 107 ALD 474; [2008] ATPR 42-259 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 24 Nov 2008 AustLII flag 82
NSW Food Authority v Nutricia Australia Pty Ltd [2008] NSWCCA 252; (2008) 253 ALR 133; (2008) 72 NSWLR 456 Supreme Court of New South Wales - Court of Criminal Appeal Australia - New South Wales 6 Nov 2008 AustLII flag 51
Shi v Migration Agents Registration Authority [2008] HCA 31; (2008) 235 CLR 286; 248 ALR 390; 103 ALD 467; 48 AAR 345; 82 ALJR 1147 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 30 Jul 2008 AustLII flag 1451
Sales v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2008] FCAFC 132; (2008) 171 FCR 56; (2008) 102 ALD 521 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 17 Jul 2008 AustLII flag 25
Scorgie v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2008] FCAFC 101 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 6 Jun 2008 AustLII flag 5
Kim v Minister for Immigration [2008] FCAFC 73; (2008) 167 FCR 578; 248 ALR 51 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 9 May 2008 AustLII flag 43
SZDFZ v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2008] FCA 390; 92 CLR 977; (2008) 168 FCR 1; (2008) 100 ALD 575 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 2 Apr 2008 AustLII flag 60
Minister for Immigration and Citizenship v Haneef [2007] FCAFC 203; (2007) 160 CLR 414; (2007) 163 FCR 414; (2007) 243 ALR 606; (2007) 99 ALD 443 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 21 Dec 2007 AustLII flag 69
Lesuma v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship (No 2) [2007] FCA 2106; (2007) 99 ALD 514; 48 AAR 99 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 19 Dec 2007 AustLII flag 5
Scorgie v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2007] FCA 2046; 47 AAR 314 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 7 Dec 2007 AustLII flag 8
SZDTZ v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2007] FCA 1824 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 23 Nov 2007 AustLII flag 40
SZBYR v Minister for Immigration and Citizenship [2007] HCA 26; (2007) 235 ALR 609; (2007) 81 ALJR 1190; (2007) 96 ALD 1 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 2007 AustLII flag 2151
Applicant VEAL of 2002 v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2005] HCA 72; (2005) 225 CLR 88; (2005) 222 ALR 411; 87 ALD 512; (2005) 80 ALJR 228 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 6 Dec 2005 AustLII flag 637
Attorney-General (NSW) v World Best Holdings Ltd (2005) 63 NSWLR 557 Australia - New South Wales circa 2005 LexisNexis AU flag 214
SZANI v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2004] FCA 1298 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 24 Sep 2004 AustLII flag 6
Zubair v Minister for Immigration & Multicultural & Indigenous Affairs [2004] FCAFC 248; (2004) 139 FCR 344; (2004) 211 ALR 261; (2004) 80 ALD 534 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 3 Sep 2004 AustLII flag 461
WAIJ v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2004) 80 ALD 568 Australia circa 2004 LexisNexis AU flag 128
SFGB v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2003] FCAFC 231; (2003) 77 ALD 402 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 24 Oct 2003 AustLII flag 262
Plaintiff S157/2002 v Commonwealth [2003] HCA 2; (2003) 211 CLR 476; (2003) 195 ALR 24; (2003) 77 ALJR 454; (2003) 24 Leg Rep 2 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 4 Feb 2003 AustLII flag 4571
Applicant WAEE v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (2003) 75 ALD 630 Australia circa 2003 LexisNexis AU flag 744
Madafferi v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [2002] FCAFC 220; (2002) 118 FCR 326; 70 ALD 644 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 17 Jul 2002 AustLII flag 87
Paul v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [2001] FCA 1196; (2001) 113 FCR 396; 64 ALD 289 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 29 Aug 2001 AustLII flag 435
Yougarla v Western Australia [2001] HCA 47; 207 CLR 344; (2001) 181 ALR 371; (2001) 75 ALJR 1316 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 9 Aug 2001 AustLII flag 44
Aksu v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs [2001] FCA 514; (2001) 65 ALD 667 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 4 May 2001 AustLII flag 73
Minister for Immigration v Yusuf (2001) 206 CLR 323 Australia - Commonwealth circa 2001 Legal Online / Westlaw flag 2705
Corporation of the City of Enfield v Development Assessment Commission [2000] HCA 5; (2000) 199 CLR 135; (2000) 169 ALR 400; (2000) 74 ALJR 490; (2000) 60 ALD 342; (2000) 106 LGERA 419; (2000) 21 Leg Rep 19 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 10 Feb 2000 AustLII flag 839
R v Hughes [2000] HCA 22; (2000) 202 CLR 535; 171 ALR 155; (2000) 110 A Crim R 526; (2000) 34 ACSR 92; (2000) 74 ALJR 802; (2000) 18 ACLC 394; (2000) 21 Leg Rep 2 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 2000 AustLII flag 246
Re Macks; Ex parte Saint [2000] HCA 62; (2000) 204 CLR 158; 176 ALR 545; (2000) 36 ACSR 216; (2000) 21 Leg Rep 2 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 2000 AustLII flag 251
Daher v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs [1996] FCA 1011; (1996) 70 FCR 585; (1996) 141 ALR 311; 24 AAR 319 Federal Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 21 Nov 1996 AustLII flag 39
Wilson v Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs [1996] HCA 18; (1996) 189 CLR 1; (1996) 138 ALR 220; (1996) 70 ALJR 743; (1996) 13 Leg Rep 2; [1996] 3 CHRLD 439 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 6 Sep 1996 AustLII flag 346
Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Wu Shan Liang [1996] HCA 6; (1996) 185 CLR 259; (1996) 136 ALR 481; (1996) 70 ALJR 568; (1996) 41 ALD 1; (1996) 9 Leg Rep 2 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 1996 AustLII flag 10491
Craig v South Australia [1995] HCA 58; (1995) 184 CLR 163; (1995) 131 ALR 595; (1995) 39 ALD 193; (1995) 69 ALJR 873; (1995) 82 A Crim R 359 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 24 Oct 1995 AustLII flag 4152
Coco v R [1994] HCA 15; (1994) 179 CLR 427; (1994) 120 ALR 415; 72 A Crim R 32; (1994) 68 ALJR 401; [1994] Aust Torts Reports 81-270 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 13 Apr 1994 AustLII flag 971
Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs [1992] HCA 64; (1992) 176 CLR 1; (1993) 110 ALR 97; 67 ALJR 125 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 1992 AustLII flag 1060
Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Sciascia (1991) 31 FCR 364; (1991) 103 ALR 307; (1991) 24 ALD 11 Federal Court of Australia Australia circa 1991 Legal Online / Westlaw flag 28
Norbis v Norbis [1986] HCA 17; (1986) 161 CLR 513; [1986] FLC 91-712; 65 ALR 12; 60 ALJR 335; (1986) 10 Fam LR 819 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 30 Apr 1986 AustLII flag 2642
Minister for Aboriginal Affairs v Peko-Wallsend Ltd [1986] HCA 40; (1986) 162 CLR 24; (1986) 66 ALR 299; (1986) 60 ALJR 560; (1986) 10 ALN N109; [1986] CA 40 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 1986 AustLII flag 5507
(1979) 41 FLR 338 (1979) 41 FLR 338 Australia circa 1979 Legal Online / Westlaw flag 132
Re Brian Lawlor Automotive and Collector of Customs (NSW) (1978) 1 ALD 167 Australia circa 1978 LexisNexis AU flag 267
Re Becker and Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1977) 1 ALD 58 Australia circa 1977 LexisNexis AU flag 1
Twist v Randwick Municipal Council [1976] HCA 58; (1976) 136 CLR 106; (1976) 12 ALR 379; (1976) 51 ALJR 193; (1976) 36 LGRA 443 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 17 Nov 1976 AustLII flag 671
Redland Shire Council v Stradbroke Rutile Pty Ltd [1974] HCA 4; (1974) 133 CLR 641; (1974) 48 ALJR 184; (1974) 32 LGRA 219 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth circa 1974 AustLII flag 26
Hunter Douglas Australia Pty Ltd v Perma Blinds [1970] HCA 63; (1970) 122 CLR 49; [1969] ALR 676; 43 ALJR 274 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 3 Jul 1970 AustLII flag 133
Bawn Pty Ltd v Metropolitan Meat Industry Board (1970) 72 SR (NSW) 466; (1970) 92 WN (NSW) 823 Supreme Court of New South Wales Australia - New South Wales circa 1970 flag 21
Shepherd v Felt & Textiles of Australia Ltd (1931) 45 CLR 359 Australia - Commonwealth circa 1931 Legal Online / Westlaw flag 818
Muller v Dalgety & Co Ltd [1909] HCA 67; (1909) 9 CLR 693; 16 ALR 17 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 29 Oct 1909 AustLII flag 140
Shi 235 CLR 315 Australia - Commonwealth circa 1931 Legal Online / Westlaw flag 1

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