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Egan v Canada     79

Cases Referring to this Case

Case Name	Citation(s)	Court	Jurisdiction	Date	Full Text †		Citation Index
Christian Youth Camps Ltd v Cobaw Community Health Services Ltd	[2014] VSCA 75; (2014) 50 VR 256; (2014) 308 ALR 615	Supreme Court of Victoria - Court of Appeal	Australia - Victoria	16 Apr 2014	AustLII		43
Moore & Moore	[2008] FamCA 32	Family Court of Australia	Australia	25 Jan 2008	AustLII		6
Attorney-General for the Commonwealth v Kevin and Jennifer	[2003] FamCA 94; [2003] FLC 93-127; (2003) 172 FLR 300; (2003) 30 Fam LR 1; [2003] EOC 93-265	Family Court of Australia	Australia	21 Feb 2003	AustLII		54
Re Patrick	[2002] FamCA 193; [2002] FLC 93-096; 168 FLR 6; (2002) 28 Fam LR 579	Family Court of Australia	Australia	5 Apr 2002	AustLII		44
Superannuation entitlements of same-sex couples	[1999] AusHRC 7	Australian Human Rights Commission	Australia - Commonwealth	1 Apr 1999	AustLII
Fitzpatrick v Sterling Housing Association Ltd	[1999] UKHL 42; [1999] 4 All ER 705; [1999] 3 WLR 1113; (1999) 3 CHRLD 89	House of Lords	United Kingdom	28 Oct 1999	BAILII		24
Attorney General Of Grenada v Muhammed Ehsan	[2020] ECarSC 422	Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court	International	27 Nov 2020	CommonLII
Suresh Kumar Koushal & Anr v Naz Foundation	[2013] INSC 1096	Supreme Court of India	India	11 Dec 2013	LIIofIndia		1
Idea Services Ltd v Attorney-General	[2011] NZHRRT 11	New Zealand Human Rights Review Tribunal	New Zealand	11 Apr 2011	NZLII		4
"From outlaw to inlaw: bringing lesbian and gay relationships into the family system"	[1999] NZYbkNZJur 4	Boyd, Susan B	New Zealand	circa 1999	NZLII
Quilter v Attorney-General	[1997] NZCA 207; [1998] 1 NZLR 523; (1997) 2 CHRLD 206; (1997) 4 HRNZ 170; (1997) 16 FRNZ 298; (1997) 3 BHRC 461; [1998] NZFLR 196	Court of Appeal of New Zealand	New Zealand	17 Dec 1997	NZLII		137
Reddell v Mineral Sands Resources (Pty) Ltd (CCT 67/21)	[2022] ZACC 38	Constitutional Court of South Africa	South Africa	14 Nov 2022	SAFLII
Centre for Child Law v Director General: Department of Home Affairs (CCT 101/20)	[2021] ZACC 31	Constitutional Court of South Africa	South Africa	22 Sep 2021	SAFLII		5
Qwelane v South African Human Rights Commission (CCT 13/20)	[2021] ZACC 22	Constitutional Court of South Africa	South Africa	31 Jul 2021	SAFLII		9
AmaBhungane Centre for Investigative Journalism NPC v Minister of Justice and Correctional Services; Minister of Police v AmaBhungane Centre for Investigative Journalism NPC (CCT 278/19; CCT 279/19)	[2021] ZACC 3; 2021 3 SA 246	Constitutional Court of South Africa	South Africa	4 Feb 2021	SAFLII		19
Lawcite As v GS (D12515/2018)	[2020] ZAKZDHC 1; 2020 3 SA 365; [2020] 2 All SA 65	Kwazulu-Natal High Court, Durban	South Africa - Kwazulu-Natal High Court, Durban	24 Jan 2020	SAFLII		2
Van Breda v Media 24 Ltd; National DPP v Media 24 Ltd (425/2017, 426/2017)	[2017] ZASCA 97; 2017 2 SACR 491; [2017] 3 All SA 622	Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa	South Africa	21 Jun 2017	SAFLII		16
Reading 'disability' into the non-discrimination clause of the Nigerian Constitution	[2016] ADRY 4		South Africa	circa 2016	SAFLII
South African Police Service v Solidarity obo Barnard	[2014] ZACC 23; 2014 6 SA 123	Constitutional Court of South Africa	South Africa	2 Sep 2014	SAFLII		60
Termination of pregnancy of persons with mental disabilities on medical advice: A case study of South Africa (Chapter 5)	[2014] ADRY 5		South Africa	circa 2014	SAFLII
Law Society of South Africa v Minister of Transport	[2010] ZACC 25; 2011 1 SA 400	Constitutional Court of South Africa	South Africa	25 Nov 2010	SAFLII		74
Volks NO v Robinson	[2005] ZACC 2	Constitutional Court of South Africa	South Africa	21 Feb 2005	SAFLII		14
Shilubana v Nwamitwa	(2004) 9 BCLR 914		Canada - British Columbia	circa 2004	SAFLII		17
National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Home Affairs	[1999] ZACC 17; 2000 2 SA 1	Constitutional Court of South Africa	South Africa	2 Dec 1999	SAFLII		374
Mï¿ ller v President of the Republic of Namibia (SA 2/98)	[1999] NASC 2	Supreme Court of Namibia	Namibia	21 May 1999	SAFLII
National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Justice	[1998] ZACC 15; 1999 1 SA 6; (1998) 2 CHRLD 443	Constitutional Court of South Africa	South Africa	9 Oct 1998	SAFLII		160
Harksen v Lane	[1997] ZACC 12; 1998 1 SA 300	Constitutional Court of South Africa	South Africa	7 Oct 1997	SAFLII		254
Prinsloo v Van der Linde	[1997] ZACC 5; 1997 3 SA 1012	Constitutional Court of South Africa	South Africa	18 Apr 1997	SAFLII		162
President of the Republic of South Africa v Hugo	[1997] ZACC 4; [1997] 4 SA 1	Constitutional Court of South Africa	South Africa	18 Apr 1997	SAFLII		156
Canada (Attorney General) v Hislop	[2007] 1 SCR 429; [2007] SCC 10; [2007] SCJ No 10	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	1 Mar 2007	Supreme Court of Canada		9
Newfoundland (Treasury Board) v NAPE	[2004] SCC 66; [2004] 3 SCR 381; [2004] SCJ No 61	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	28 Oct 2004	Supreme Court of Canada		4
Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v Canada (Attorney General)	[2004] 1 SCR 76; [2004] SCC 4; [2004] SCJ No 6	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	30 Jan 2004	Supreme Court of Canada		23
Nova Scotia (Workers ’ Compensation Board) v Martin	[2003] 2 SCR 504; [2003] SCC 54; [2003] SCJ No 54	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	3 Oct 2003	Supreme Court of Canada		22
Figueroa v Canada (Attorney General)	[2003] 1 SCR 912; [2003] SCC 37; [2003] SCJ No 37	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	27 Jun 2003	Supreme Court of Canada		6
Nova Scotia (Attorney General) v Walsh	[2002] SCC 83; [2002] 4 SCR 325; [2002] SCJ No 84	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	19 Dec 2002	Supreme Court of Canada		10
Gosselin v Quebec (Attorney General)	[2002] 4 SCR 429; [2002] SCC 84; [2002] SCJ No 85	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	19 Dec 2002	Supreme Court of Canada		24
Lavoie v Canada	[2002] SCC 23; [2002] 1 SCR 769	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	8 Mar 2002	Supreme Court of Canada		4
Dunmore v Ontario (Attorney General)	[2001] 3 SCR 1016; [2001] SCC 94	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	20 Dec 2001	Supreme Court of Canada		12
R v Advance Cutting & Coring Ltd	[2001] 3 SCR 209; [2001] SCC 70	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	19 Oct 2001	Supreme Court of Canada		5
Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada (Minister of Justice)	[2000] 2 SCR 1120; [2000] SCC 69	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	15 Dec 2000	Supreme Court of Canada		17
Lovelace v Ontario	[2000] 1 SCR 950; [2000] SCC 37	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	20 Jul 2000	Supreme Court of Canada		15
Granovsky v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)	[2000] SCC 28; [2000] 1 SCR 703	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	18 May 2000	Supreme Court of Canada		10
Quebec (Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse) v Montr é al (City)	[2000] SCC 27; [2000] 1 SCR 665	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	3 May 2000	Supreme Court of Canada		14
New Brunswick (Minister of Health and Community Services) v G (J)	[1999] 3 SCR 46; 7 BHRC 615	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	10 Sep 1999	Supreme Court of Canada		18
Winko v British Columbia (Forensic Psychiatric Institute)	[1999] 2 SCR 625	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	17 Jun 1999	Supreme Court of Canada		16
M v H	[1999] 2 SCR 3; (1999) 171 DLR (4th) 577; (1999) 7 BHRC 489	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	20 May 1999	Supreme Court of Canada		31
Law v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)	[1999] 1 SCR 497; 170 DLR (4th) 1	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	25 Mar 1999	Supreme Court of Canada		81
Vriend v Alberta	(1998) 156 DLR (4th) 385; [1998] SCC 816; 50 CRR (2d) 1; [1998] 1 SCR 493; (1998) 2 CHRLD 211; (1998) 4 BHRC 140	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	2 Apr 1998	Supreme Court of Canada		61
Eldridge v British Columbia (Attorney General)	[1997] 3 SCR 624; (1997) 151 DLR (4th) 577; (1997) 3 BHRC 137	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	9 Oct 1997	Supreme Court of Canada		62
Benner v Canada (Secretary of State)	[1997] 1 SCR 358	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	27 Feb 1997	Supreme Court of Canada		14
Eaton v Brant County Board of Education	[1997] 1 SCR 241	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	6 Feb 1997	Supreme Court of Canada		30
Adler v Ontario	[1996] 3 SCR 609; (1996) 2 CHRLD 152; (1996) 140 DLR (4th) 385	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	21 Nov 1996	Supreme Court of Canada		15
Thibaudeau v Canada	[1995] 2 SCR 627	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	25 May 1995	Supreme Court of Canada		18
Attorney General for Ontario v M (Foundation for Equal Families Intervening)	[1999] ICHRL 73	Interights Commonwealth Human Rights Law	International	20 May 1999	WorldLII
National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Justice	[1998] ICHRL 136	Interights Commonwealth Human Rights Law	International	9 Oct 1998	WorldLII
Vriend v Alberta	[1998] ICHRL 57	Interights Commonwealth Human Rights Law	International	2 Apr 1998	WorldLII
Quilter v Attorney General of New Zealand	[1997] ICHRL 129	Interights Commonwealth Human Rights Law	International	17 Dec 1997	WorldLII
Adler v Ontario	[1996] ICHRL 89	Interights Commonwealth Human Rights Law	International	21 Nov 1996	WorldLII
Egan v Canada	[1995] ICHRL 31	Interights Commonwealth Human Rights Law	International	25 May 1995	WorldLII

Law Reform Reports Referring to this Case

Journal Article Title	Citation(s)	Author	Jurisdiction	Date	Full Text †		Citation Index
Ia Tangata A review of the protections in the Human Rights Act 1993 for people who are transgender, people who are non-binary and people who have an innate variation of sex characteristics	[2024] NZLCIP 53	New Zealand Law Commission - Issues Papers	New Zealand	circa 2024	NZLII

Law Journal Articles Referring to this Case

Journal Article Title	Citation(s)	Author	Jurisdiction	Date	Full Text †		Citation Index
"Balancing Religious Freedom and Anti-Discrimination: Christian Youth Camps Ltd v Cobaw Community Health Service Ltd"	(2016) 40 Melbourne University Law Review 594	Murphy, Bobbi	Australia	circa 2016	AustLII		4
"The Trouble with Living Tree Interpretation"	(2006) 25 University of Queensland Law Journal 3	Huscroft, Grant	Australia	circa 2006	AustLII		3
"Can Status Be A New Ground In Australian Discrimination Laws"	(2005) 45 Australian Institute of Administrative Law Forum 39	Beckett, Simon	Australia	circa 2005	AustLII
"Thinking about Equality"	(2004) 27 University of New South Wales Law Journal 833	Graycar, R; Morgan, Jenny	Australia	circa 2004	AustLII		1
A Charter Analysis of the s 43 Canadian Criminal Code Defense to Corporal Punishment of a Minor	[2003] MurUEJL 30	Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law	Australia	circa 2003	AustLII
"Re Patrick: (An Application Concerning Contact)"	(2002) 6 Newcastle Law Review 113	Dockrill, Peter	Australia	circa 2002	AustLII
Could Mom be Wrong? The Hurt of Names and Words: Hate Propaganda and Freedom of Expression in Canada	[1999] MurUEJL 20	Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law	Australia	circa 1999	AustLII
"Women's Encounters with Violence: Australian Experiences edited by Sandy Cook and Judith Bessant"	(1998) 23 (4) Alternative Law Journal 203	Easteal, Patricia	Australia	circa 1998	AustLII
"Just Words: Constitutional Rights and Social Wrongs by Joel Bakan"	[1998] AltLawJl 79	Walker, Kris	Australia	circa 1998	AustLII
"Legal Context of Canadian Education, The"	(1997) 2 Australia and New Zealand Journal of Law and Education 25	Khan, Andy N	Australia	circa 1997	AustLII
"Which, then, would be the 'husband' and which the 'wife'?": Some Introductory Thoughts on Contesting 'the Family' in Court	[1996] MurUEJL 26	Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law	Australia	circa 1996	AustLII
Changing Concept of Family	[1996] MurUEJL 29	Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law	Australia	circa 1996	AustLII
"I'm Not Gay - Not That There's Anything Wrong with That!: Are Unwanted Imputations of Gayness Defamatory? Dean R Knight 249"	[2006] VUWLawRw 12	Knight, Dean R	New Zealand	circa 2006	NZLII
"Discrimination, Dignity, and the Limits of Equality"	(2000) 9 Otago Law Review 697	Huscroft, G	New Zealand	circa 2000	NZLII		1
"From outlaw to inlaw: bringing lesbian and gay relationships into the family system"	[1999] NZYbkNZJur 4	Boyd, Susan B	New Zealand	circa 1999	NZLII
LawCite The Core Meaning of Human Dignity	[2016] PER 23	Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal	South Africa	circa 2016	SAFLII
Reading 'disability' into the non-discrimination clause of the Nigerian Constitution	[2016] ADRY 4		South Africa	circa 2016	SAFLII
Termination of pregnancy of persons with mental disabilities on medical advice: A case study of South Africa (Chapter 5)	[2014] ADRY 5		South Africa	circa 2014	SAFLII
Shilubana v Nwamitwa	(2004) 9 BCLR 914		Canada - British Columbia	circa 2004	SAFLII		17
"Gay Rights in Uganda: Seeking to Overturn Uganda's Anti-Sodomy Laws"	[2009] VirgJlIntLaw 39	Hollander, Michael	United States	circa 2009	WorldLII
"Gay Rights in Uganda: Seeking to Overturn Uganda's Anti-Sodomy Laws"	(2009) 50 Virginia Journal of International Law 219	Hollander, Michael	United States	circa 2009	WorldLII
California Supreme Court Declares Prohibition of Same-Sex Marriages Unconstitutional	(2009) 122 Harvard Law Review 1557	Harvard Law Review	United States	1 Jan 2009	WorldLII
"The Horizon of Rights: Lessons from South Africa for the Post-Goodridge Analysis of Same-Sex Marriage"	(2007) 40 Cornell International Law Journal 781	Newstrom, Lisa	United States	circa 2007	WorldLII

Legislation Cited

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name	Citation(s)	Court	Jurisdiction	Date	Full Text †		Citation Index
M v H	[1999] 2 SCR 3; (1999) 171 DLR (4th) 577; (1999) 7 BHRC 489	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	20 May 1999	Supreme Court of Canada		31
Law v Canada (Minister of Employment and Immigration)	[1999] 1 SCR 497; 170 DLR (4th) 1	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	25 Mar 1999	Supreme Court of Canada		81
Vriend v Alberta	(1998) 156 DLR (4th) 385; [1998] SCC 816; 50 CRR (2d) 1; [1998] 1 SCR 493; (1998) 2 CHRLD 211; (1998) 4 BHRC 140	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	2 Apr 1998	Supreme Court of Canada		61
Eldridge v British Columbia (Attorney General)	[1997] 3 SCR 624; (1997) 151 DLR (4th) 577; (1997) 3 BHRC 137	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	9 Oct 1997	Supreme Court of Canada		62
Benner v Canada (Secretary of State)	[1997] 1 SCR 358	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	27 Feb 1997	Supreme Court of Canada		14
Eaton v Brant County Board of Education	[1997] 1 SCR 241	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	6 Feb 1997	Supreme Court of Canada		30
Adler v Ontario	[1996] 3 SCR 609; (1996) 2 CHRLD 152; (1996) 140 DLR (4th) 385	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	21 Nov 1996	Supreme Court of Canada		15
Thibaudeau v Canada	[1995] 2 SCR 627	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	25 May 1995	Supreme Court of Canada		18
Thibaudeau v Canada	[1995] 2 SCR 627	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	25 May 1995	Supreme Court of Canada		18
Dagenais v Canadian Broadcasting Corporation	[1994] 3 SCR 835	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	8 Dec 1994	Supreme Court of Canada		69
Weatherall v Canada (Attorney General)	[1993] 2 SCR 872	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	12 Aug 1993	Supreme Court of Canada		17
Canada (Attorney-General) v Ward	[1993] 2 SCR 689; (1993) 20 Imm LR (2d) 85; (1993) 103 DLR (4th) 1	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	30 Jun 1993	Supreme Court of Canada		396
Canada (Attorney General) v Mossop	[1993] 1 SCR 554	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	25 Feb 1993	Supreme Court of Canada		46
Schachter v Canada	[1992] 2 SCR 679; (1992) 10 CRR (2d) 1; (1992) 97 DLR (4th) 1	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	9 Jul 1992	Supreme Court of Canada		70
T é treault-Gadoury v Canada (Employment and Immigration Commission)	[1991] 2 SCR 22; 81 DLR (4th) 358	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	6 Jun 1991	Supreme Court of Canada		28
McKinney v University of Guelph	[1990] 3 SCR 229	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	6 Dec 1990	Supreme Court of Canada		63
Irwin Toy Ltd v Quebec (Attorney General)	[1989] 1 SCR 927; (1989) 39 CRR 193; (1989) 58 DLR (4th) 577; 35 CPR 93; 94 NR 167; 24 QAC 2; 25 CPR (3d) 417	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada - Quebec	27 Apr 1989	Supreme Court of Canada		114
Bliss v Attorney General of Canada	[1979] 1 SCR 183	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	31 Oct 1978	Supreme Court of Canada		10
"The Canadian Judicial Approach to Equality Rights: Freedom Ride or Rollercoaster?"	(1992) 1 National Journal of Constitutional Law 315	National Journal of Constitutional Law	Canada	circa 1992	Westlaw		1
California Supreme Court Declares Prohibition of Same-Sex Marriages Unconstitutional	(2009) 122 Harvard Law Review 1557	Harvard Law Review	United States	1 Jan 2009	WorldLII
"Gay Rights in Uganda: Seeking to Overturn Uganda's Anti-Sodomy Laws"	(2009) 50 Virginia Journal of International Law 219	Hollander, Michael	United States	circa 2009	WorldLII
"Gay Rights in Uganda: Seeking to Overturn Uganda's Anti-Sodomy Laws"	[2009] VirgJlIntLaw 39	Hollander, Michael	United States	circa 2009	WorldLII
"The Horizon of Rights: Lessons from South Africa for the Post-Goodridge Analysis of Same-Sex Marriage"	(2007) 40 Cornell International Law Journal 781	Newstrom, Lisa	United States	circa 2007	WorldLII
Attorney General for Ontario v M (Foundation for Equal Families Intervening)	[1999] ICHRL 73	Interights Commonwealth Human Rights Law	International	20 May 1999	WorldLII
National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Justice	[1998] ICHRL 136	Interights Commonwealth Human Rights Law	International	9 Oct 1998	WorldLII
Vriend v Alberta	[1998] ICHRL 57	Interights Commonwealth Human Rights Law	International	2 Apr 1998	WorldLII
Quilter v Attorney General of New Zealand	[1997] ICHRL 129	Interights Commonwealth Human Rights Law	International	17 Dec 1997	WorldLII
Adler v Ontario	[1996] ICHRL 89	Interights Commonwealth Human Rights Law	International	21 Nov 1996	WorldLII
Egan v Canada	[1995] ICHRL 31	Interights Commonwealth Human Rights Law	International	25 May 1995	WorldLII
Williamson v Lee Optical Co	348 US 483; 99 L Ed 563; 75 SCt 461; 99 L Ed 2d 563	United States Supreme Court	United States	9 May 1955	WorldLII		466
Brown v Board of Education	347 US 483; 38 ALR 2d 1180; 98 L Ed 2d 873; [1954] Idaho 349; 98 L Ed 873; 74 SCt 686	United States Supreme Court	United States	17 May 1954	WorldLII		1034
Knodel v British Columbia (Medical Services Commission)	(1991) 58 BCLR (2d) 356; (1991) 6 WWR 728		Canada - British Columbia	circa 1991			8
Veysey v Canada (Correctional Service)	(1989) 44 CRR 364		Canada	circa 1989			3
Vriend v Alberta	(1994) 152 AR 1; (1994) 6 WWR 414; 18 Alta LR (3d) 286		Canada - Alberta	circa 1994			2
Reference re ss 193 and 195 1(1)(c) of the Criminal Code (Man)	[1990] 1 SCR 1123; 77 CR (3d) 1; 56 CCC (3d) 65	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	circa 1990			32
Haig v Canada	(1991) 5 OR 3d 245		Canada - Ontario	circa 1991			1
Mahe v Alta (Gov't)	(1987) 54 Alta LR (2d) 212		Canada - Alberta	circa 1987			3
R v Edwards Books and Art Ltd	[1986] 2 SCR 713; (1986) 55 CR (3d) 193; (1986) 35 DLR (4th) 1; 30 CCC (3d) 385; 86 CLLC 14	Supreme Court of Canada	Canada	circa 1986			91
Leshner v Ontario	(1992) 16 CHRR D/184		Canada	circa 1992			1
Douglas v Canada	(1992) 58 FTR 147		Canada	circa 1992			1
Haig v Canada	(1992) 9 OR 3d 495		Canada - Ontario	circa 1992			3
Brown v British Columbia (Minister of Health)	(1990) 42 BCLR (2d) 294		Canada - British Columbia	circa 1990			2
Miron v Trudel	[1995] 2 SCR 418; [1996] 2 CHRLD 190; (1995) 29 CRR (2d) 189; (1995) 124 DLR (4th) 693			circa 1996			46
R v Hess	[1990] 2 SCR 906			circa 1990			25
R v Swain	[1991] 1 SCR 933			circa 1991			38
[1995] Docket 23636	[1995] Docket 23636		United States - Pennsylvania	circa 1995			1
Brooks v Canada Safeway Ltd	[1989] 1 SCR 1219			circa 1989			15
R v Turpin	[1989] 1 SCR 1296			circa 1989			28
Symes v Canada	[1993] 4 SCR 695			circa 1993			26