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TXO Production Corporation v Alliance Resources Corporation   flag  83

509 US 443; 125 L Ed 2d 366; 113 SCt 2711
United States Supreme Court
United States
25th June, 1993

Cases Referring to this Case

Case Name Citation(s) Court Jurisdiction Date †  Full Text Citation Index
Lewis vs Pugh [2008] USCA5 1526 United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit United States 18 Aug 2008 WorldLII flag
Exxon Shipping Co v Baker [2008] USSC 32 United States Supreme Court United States 25 Jun 2008 WorldLII flag
EEOC v Federal Express Corporation [2008] USCA4 118 United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit United States 23 Jan 2008 WorldLII flag
Exxon Valdez v L W C 490 F3d 1066 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States 23 May 2007 WorldLII flag 1
Bach v First Union National Bank 486 F3d 150 United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States 15 May 2007 WorldLII flag
United States v Ziskind 491 F3d 10 United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit United States 21 Mar 2007 WorldLII flag 2
in Re: the Exxon Valdez, Grant Baker 472 F3d 600 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States 22 Dec 2006 WorldLII flag 3
Clark v Chrysler Corporation 436 F3d 594 United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States 1 Feb 2006 WorldLII flag 2
Romanski v Detroit Entertainment Llc 428 F3d 629 United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States 28 Oct 2005 WorldLII flag 6
Belmontes v L Brown 414 F3d 1094 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States 15 Jul 2005 WorldLII flag 13
Bains Llc v Arco Products Co Llc B 405 F3d 764 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States 19 Apr 2005 WorldLII flag 6
Willow Inn Inc v Public Service Mutual Insurance Co 399 F3d 224 United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit United States 14 Feb 2005 WorldLII flag 2
Park v Mobil Oil Guam Inc [2004] GUSC 19; [2004] Guam 20 Supreme Court of Guam Guam 16 Nov 2004 WorldLII flag 8
Belmontes v Woodford 350 F3d 861 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States 20 Nov 2003 WorldLII flag 13
Mathias v Accor Economy Lodging, Inc 347 F3d 672 United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States 21 Oct 2003 WorldLII flag 26
Asa-Brandt, Inc v Adm Investor Services 344 F3d 738 United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit United States 3 Oct 2003 WorldLII flag 4
State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co v Campbell 538 US 408; 123 SCt 1513; 155 L Ed 2d 585 United States Supreme Court United States 7 Apr 2003 WorldLII flag 102
White v Ford Motor Co 312 F3d 998 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States 3 Dec 2002 WorldLII flag 18
Whiten v Pilot Insurance Co [2002] SCC 18; [2002] 1 SCR 595 Supreme Court of Canada Canada 22 Feb 2002 Supreme Court of Canada flag 19
Correctional Services Corporation v Malesko 534 US 61; 151 L Ed 2d 456; 122 SCt 515 United States Supreme Court United States 27 Nov 2001 WorldLII flag 36
Rh ô ne-Poulenc Agro, SA v DeKalb Genetics Corporation 272 F3d 1335; 60 USPQ2d 1769 United States Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit United States 19 Nov 2001 WorldLII flag 5
In re Exxon Valdez 270 F3d 1215 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States 7 Nov 2001 WorldLII flag 21
Troy Swinton, Plaintiff-Appellee, v Potomac Corporation, Dba Crescent Cardboard Co, Dba Crescent/US Mat, Defendant-Appellant [2001] USCA9 754 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States 24 Oct 2001 WorldLII flag 2
Cooper Industries, Inc v Leatherman Tool Group, Inc 532 US 424; 121 SCt 1678; 149 L Ed 2d 674; 58 USPQ2d 1641 United States Supreme Court United States 14 May 2001 WorldLII flag 80
Hampton v Dillard Dep't Stores, Inc 247 F3d 1091 United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States 24 Apr 2001 WorldLII flag 15
DR RAYMOND G TRONZO, Plaintiff-Appellant, v BIOMET, INC , Defendant-Appellee United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 236 F3d 1342 United States Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit United States 17 Jan 2001 WorldLII flag 6
Romano v U-Haul Int'l 233 F3d 655 United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit United States 7 Dec 2000 WorldLII flag 28
Asher Rubinstein, Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross-Appellant, v Administrators of the Tulane Educational Fund; Michael Lynch; William C Van Buskirk,defendants-Appellants-Cross-Appellees 218 F3d 392 United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit United States 6 Jul 2000 WorldLII flag 27
Smith v Ingersoll-Rand Co 214 F3d 1235 United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States 7 Jun 2000 WorldLII flag 12
Eeoc v W & o, Inc 213 F3d 600 United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit United States 30 May 2000 WorldLII flag 20
United States of America, Appellee, v Big D Enterprises, Inc; DR Edwin G Dooley, Appellants 184 F3d 924 United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit United States 10 Sep 1999 WorldLII flag 13
His Official and Individual Capacities, Defendant-Appellant and Cross-Appellee 182 F3d 1212 United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States 15 Jul 1999 WorldLII flag 4
Inter Medical Supplies, Ltd v Ebi Medical Systems, Inc; Electro-Biology, Inc; Biomet, Inc v Orthofix, Ltd Orthofix International, N v Orthofix, Inc; Orthofix SRL v Ebi Medical Systems, Inc; Electro-Biology, Inc; Biomet, Inc Ebi Medical Systems, Inc; Electro-Biology, Inc; Biomet, Inc , Appellants 181 F3d 446 United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit United States 28 Jun 1999 WorldLII flag 4
Johansen v Combustion Engineering Inc 170 F3d 1320 United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit United States 1 Apr 1999 WorldLII flag 18
Watkins v Lundell 169 F3d 540 United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit United States 26 Feb 1999 WorldLII flag 9
San Huan New Materials High Tech Inc v International Trade Commission 161 F3d 1347; 48 USPQ2d 1865 United States Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit United States 28 Jan 1999 WorldLII flag 6
Gray v Motor Accident Commission [1998] HCA 70; (1998) 196 CLR 1; (1998) 158 ALR 485; (1998) 73 ALJR 45; [1999] Aust Torts Reports 81-494; (1998) 28 MVR 1 High Court of Australia Australia - Commonwealth 17 Nov 1998 AustLII flag 430
Deffenbaugh-Williams v Wal-Mart Stores, Inc 156 F3d 581 United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit United States 24 Sep 1998 WorldLII flag 17
United States v Bajakajian 524 US 321; 141 L Ed 2d 314; 118 SCt 2028 United States Supreme Court United States 22 Jun 1998 WorldLII flag 99
In re Board of County Supervisors of Prince William County Virginia 143 F3d 835 United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit United States 11 May 1998 WorldLII flag 1
Grabinski v Blue Springs Ford Sales Inc 136 F3d 565 United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit United States 12 Feb 1998 WorldLII flag 6
Dean v Q Olibas 129 F3d 1001 United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit United States 19 Nov 1997 WorldLII flag 6
Kim v Nash Finch Co 123 F3d 1046 United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit United States 12 Nov 1997 WorldLII flag 65
Parsons v First Investors Corporation Parsons 122 F3d 525 United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit United States 7 Aug 1997 WorldLII flag 5
FDIC v Hamilton 122 F3d 854 United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States 28 Jul 1997 WorldLII flag 14
Wc Long v Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System 117 F3d 1145 United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States 30 Jun 1997 WorldLII flag 6
Pulla v Amoco Oil Co [1997] USCA8 511 United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit United States 1 May 1997 WorldLII flag
Neibel v Trans World Assurance Co 108 F3d 1123 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States 11 Mar 1997 WorldLII flag 12
Gilman v BHC Securities, Inc 104 F3d 1418 United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit United States 17 Jan 1997 WorldLII flag 20
Hilao v Estate of Marcos 103 F3d 767 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States 17 Dec 1996 WorldLII flag 41
Continental Trend Resources Inc v Oxy Usa Inc 101 F3d 634; 65 USLW 2381 United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States 26 Nov 1996 WorldLII flag 14
Moreno v Consolidated Rail Corporation 99 F3d 782; 65 USLW 2327; 145 ALRFed 679 United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States 4 Nov 1996 WorldLII flag 14
Be Construction Co v United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America 90 F3d 1318; 35 Fed RServ3d 1438; 132 Lab Cas 11,631 United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit United States 18 Jul 1996 WorldLII flag 11
BMW of North America, Inc v Gore 517 US 559; 134 L Ed 2d 809; 116 SCt 1589 United States Supreme Court United States 20 May 1996 WorldLII flag 211
Bennis v Michigan 516 US 442; 134 L Ed 2d 68; 116 SCt 994 United States Supreme Court United States 4 Mar 1996 WorldLII flag 32
Patton v TIC United Corporation 77 F3d 1235; 64 USLW 2562 United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States 16 Feb 1996 WorldLII flag 20
Pulla v Amoco Oil Co 71 F3d 920; 315 USApp DC 212; 67 Empl Prac Dec P 43,804; 11 IER Cases 432; 64 USLW 2480 United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit United States - District of Columbia 22 Jan 1996 WorldLII flag 11
Ceh Inc v F/v Seafarer [1995] USCA1 594 United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit United States 28 Nov 1995 WorldLII flag
In re Tmi 67 F3d 1119 United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit United States 17 Oct 1995 WorldLII flag 8
Moreno v Consolidated Rail Corporation 63 F3d 1404; 64 USLW 2158 United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States 29 Aug 1995 WorldLII flag 5
Burrows v Core-Mark International Inc [1995] USCA9 1407 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States 10 May 1995 WorldLII flag
Klein v Grynberg 44 F3d 1497; 31 Fed RServ3d 1092 United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States 16 Feb 1995 WorldLII flag 18
Continental Trend Resources Inc v Oxy Usa Inc Continental Trend Resources Inc 44 F3d 1465 United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States 12 Jan 1995 WorldLII flag 6
Sanchez v Puerto Rico Oil Co 37 F3d 712 United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit United States 29 Sep 1994 WorldLII flag 32
Hopkins v Dow Corning Corporation 33 F3d 1116 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States 26 Aug 1994 WorldLII flag 22
Orjias v Stevenson 31 F3d 995; 30 Fed RServ3d 146 United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit United States 1 Aug 1994 WorldLII flag 21
Honda Motor Co v Oberg 512 US 415; 129 L Ed 2d 336; 114 SCt 2331 United States Supreme Court United States 24 Jun 1994 WorldLII flag 32
United States v Carlton 512 US 26; 129 L Ed 2d 22; 114 SCt 2018 United States Supreme Court United States 13 Jun 1994 WorldLII flag 30
Wilson v Groaning 25 F3d 581; 40 Fed REvid Serv 1159 United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States 2 Jun 1994 WorldLII flag 13
Jacobs Manufacturing Co v Sam Brown Co 19 F3d 1259 United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit United States 28 Mar 1994 WorldLII flag 8
Boyle v Lorimar Productions Inc 13 F3d 1357 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States 11 Jan 1994 WorldLII flag 2
Ma Wolf v Commissioner of Internal Revenue 13 F3d 189; 73 AFTR2d 94-652; 62 USLW 2416 United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit United States 28 Dec 1993 WorldLII flag 3
Herring v R Meachum 11 F3d 374 United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit United States 9 Dec 1993 WorldLII flag 6
Doe Doe v Bps Guard Services a Doe B Doe 5 F3d 347 United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit United States 29 Oct 1993 WorldLII flag 3
Burke v Deere & Co 6 F3d 497 United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit United States 27 Aug 1993 WorldLII flag 16
Dunn v Hovic 1 F3d 1371; 62 USLW 2075 United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit United States 27 Jul 1993 WorldLII flag 14
Cantrell v Gaf Corporation 999 F2d 1007; 37 Fed REvid Serv 492; 26 Fed RServ3d 608 United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States 26 Jul 1993 WorldLII flag 11

Law Reform Reports Referring to this Case

Journal Article Title Citation(s) Author Jurisdiction Date †  Full Text Citation Index
- Aggravated, Exemplary and Restitutionary Damages, Report on (LRC 60-2000) [2000] IELRC 60 Irish Law Reform Commission Republic of Ireland 1 Aug 2000 BAILII flag
- Aggravated, Exemplary and Restitutionary Damages, Consultation Paper on (LRC CP 12-1998) [1998] IELRC 2 Irish Law Reform Commission Republic of Ireland circa 1998 BAILII flag

Law Journal Articles Referring to this Case

Journal Article Title Citation(s) Author Jurisdiction Date †  Full Text Citation Index
Electing Judges, Judging Elections, and the Lessons of (2009) 123 Harvard Law Review 80 Karlan, Pamela S United States 1 Jan 2009 WorldLII flag
Clearing the Smoke from Philip Morris v Williams: The Past, Present, and Future of Punitive Damages (2008) 118 Yale Law Journal 392 Colby, Thomas B United States 1 Jan 2008 WorldLII flag 1
"Economic Guidlines for Awarding Exemplary Damages" (2004) 30 Monash University Law Review 303 Legg, Michael J Australia circa 2004 AustLII flag 2
Punitive Damages as Societal Damages (2003) 113 Yale Law Journal 347 Sharkey, Catherine M United States 1 Jan 2003 WorldLII flag 1

Legislation Cited

Legislation Name Provision
Fourteenth Amendment
Eighth Amendment
Constitution

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name Citation(s) Court Jurisdiction Date †  Full Text Citation Index
Heller v Doe 509 US 312; 125 L Ed 2d 257; 113 SCt 2637 United States Supreme Court United States 24 Jun 1993 WorldLII flag 189
FCC v Beach Communications, Inc 508 US 307; 124 L Ed 2d 211; 113 SCt 2096 United States Supreme Court United States 1 Jun 1993 WorldLII flag 216
Zazu Designs v L'Oreal Sa 979 F2d 499; 24 USPQ2d 1828; 61 USLW 2296 United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States 28 Dec 1992 WorldLII flag 36
Yee v City of Escondido 503 US 519; 118 L Ed 2d 153; 112 SCt 1522 United States Supreme Court United States 1 Apr 1992 WorldLII flag 100
Schad v Arizona 501 US 624; 115 L Ed 2d 555; 111 SCt 2491 United States Supreme Court United States 13 Sep 1991 WorldLII flag 134
Pacific Mut Life Ins Co v Haslip 111 SCt 1032 United States Supreme Court United States 4 Mar 1991 WorldLII flag 132
Browning-Ferris Indus v Kelco Disposal, Inc 492 US 257; 106 L Ed 2d 219; 109 SCt 2909 United States Supreme Court United States 26 Jun 1989 WorldLII flag 180
Bankers Life & Casualty Co v Crenshaw 486 US 71; 100 L Ed 2d 62; 108 SCt 1645 United States Supreme Court United States 16 May 1988 WorldLII flag 45
Tanner v United States 483 US 107; 97 L Ed 2d 90; 107 SCt 2739 United States Supreme Court United States 22 Jun 1987 WorldLII flag 154
Solem v Helm 463 US 277; 77 L Ed 2d 637; 103 SCt 3001 United States Supreme Court United States 28 Jun 1983 WorldLII flag 510
Karcher v Daggett 462 US 725; 77 L Ed 2d 133; 103 SCt 2653 United States Supreme Court United States 22 Jun 1983 WorldLII flag 39
Smith v Wade 461 US 30; 75 L Ed 2d 632; 103 SCt 1625; 75 L Ed 632 United States Supreme Court United States 20 Apr 1983 WorldLII flag 367
City of Newport v Fact Concerts, Inc 453 US 247; 69 L Ed 2d 616; 101 SCt 2748 United States Supreme Court United States 26 Jun 1981 WorldLII flag 264
Rummel v Estelle 445 US 263; 63 L Ed 2d 382; 100 SCt 1133 United States Supreme Court United States 18 Mar 1980 WorldLII flag 259
Jackson v Virginia 443 US 307; 61 L Ed 2d 560; 99 SCt 2781; 319 Kelly 998 United States Supreme Court United States 1 Oct 1979 WorldLII flag 4760
Vance v Bradley 440 US 93; 59 L Ed 2d 171; 99 SCt 939 United States Supreme Court United States 22 Feb 1979 WorldLII flag 258
Coker v Georgia 433 US 584; 53 L Ed 2d 982; 97 SCt 2861; 97 SCt 286 United States Supreme Court United States 29 Jun 1977 WorldLII flag 153
Gertz v Robert Welch, Inc 418 US 323; 41 L Ed 2d 789; 94 SCt 2997 United States Supreme Court United States 25 Jun 1974 WorldLII flag 480
Rex vers Inhabitants of Castleton [1766] EngR 169; 98 ER 1; (1766) 4 Burr 1925 King's Bench United Kingdom circa 1925 CommonLII flag 1
St Louis, I M & S R Co v Williams 251 US 63; 64 L Ed 139; 40 SCt 71 United States Supreme Court United States 8 Dec 1919 WorldLII flag 18
Southwestern Telegraph & Telephone Co v Danaher 238 US 482; 59 L Ed 1419; 35 SCt 886 United States Supreme Court United States 21 Jun 1915 WorldLII flag 13
Standard Oil Co of Ind v Missouri 224 US 270; 56 L Ed 760; 32 SCt 406 United States Supreme Court United States 1 Apr 1912 WorldLII flag 21
Waters-Pierce Oil Co v Texas 212 US 86; 53 L Ed 417; 29 SCt 220 United States Supreme Court United States 18 Jan 1909 WorldLII flag 52
Seaboard Air Line R Co v Seegers 207 US 73; 52 L Ed 108; 28 SCt 28 United States Supreme Court United States 4 Nov 1907 WorldLII flag 19
United States v Detroit Timber & Lumber Co 200 US 322; 200 US 321; 50 L Ed 499; 26 SCt 282 United States Supreme Court United States 19 Feb 1906 WorldLII flag 562
Lochner v New York 198 US 45; 49 L Ed 937; 3 Ann Cas 1133; 3 A & E Ann Cas 1133; 25 SCt 539; 49 L Ed 2d 937 United States Supreme Court United States 17 Apr 1905 WorldLII flag 279
Gough v Farr [1827] EngR 558; 148 ER 759; (1827) 1 Y & J 477 Court of Exchequer United Kingdom circa 1827 CommonLII flag 1
Hewlett v Cruchley [1813] EngR 665; 5 Taunt 277; 128 ER 696 Court of Common Pleas United Kingdom circa 1813 CommonLII flag 9
Chambers v Caulfield [1805] EngR 72; 6 East 244; 102 ER 1280; 2 Smith KB 356 King's Bench United Kingdom circa 1805 CommonLII flag 19
Gilbert versus Burtenshaw [1774] EngR 9; 98 ER 1059; (1774) 1 Cowp 230 King's Bench United Kingdom circa 1774 CommonLII flag 1
Fairfax v Gray [1746] EngR 164; 96 ER 777; (1746-1779) 2 Black W 1326 Kings Bench United Kingdom circa 1746 CommonLII flag 1
Duberly v Gunning 1792 4 D & E 651 King's Bench United Kingdom flag 2
Lunsford v Morris 746 SW 2d 471 US 4
Hammond v City of Gadsden 493 So2d 1374 United States flag 11
459 Ne2d 561 459 NE2d 561 United States flag 4
Jarvis v Modern Woodmen of America 406 SE2d 736; 185 WVa 305 United States flag 1
Gamble v Stevenson 406 SE2d 350 United States flag 5
Berry v Nationwide Mutual Fire Ins Co 381 SE2d 367; 181 WVa 168 United States - West Virginia flag 2
Viking Ins Co v Jester 310 Ark 317; 836 SW 2d 371 US United States - Arkansas flag 2
Gamble v Stevenson 305 SC 104 United Kingdom - Scotland flag 6
Wells v Smith 297 SE2d 872 United States flag 5
Hunter v Kansas City R Co 213 Mo App 233 United States - Missouri flag 1
TXO Production Corporation v Alliance Resources Corporation 187 WVa 457; 419 SE2d 870 United States - West Virginia flag 5
Garnes v Fleming Landfill, Inc 186 WVa 656; 413 SE2d 897 United States - West Virginia flag 3
Wells v Smith 171 WVa 97 United States - West Virginia flag 1
161 Cal Rptr 377 161 Cal Rptr 377 United States - California flag 1
113 SCt 594 113 SCt 594; 121 L Ed 2d 532 United States Westlaw flag 7
111 SCt 1032 111 SCt 1032 United States Westlaw flag 112
Lord Townsend v Hughes 86 ER 994 United Kingdom CommonLII flag 6
Saunders v Mullen 66 Iowa 728 United States - Iowa flag 2
"Mass media * * * regularly report incidents of the drug peril It is said, for example, that LSD may cause physical birth defects and internal chromosone damage " 56 California Law Review 1 California Law Review United States HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 2
Railroad Co v Welch 52 Ill 183 United States - Illinois flag 2
"Problems in Assessing Punitive Damages against Manufacturers of Defective Products" 49 University of Chicago Law Review 1 University of Chicago Law Review United States HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 6
Belknap v Boston & Maine R Co 49 NH 358 United States - New Hampshire flag 2
Mobile & M R Co v Ashcraft 48 Ala 15 United States - Alabama flag 4
"Punitive Damages in Tort Cases" 44 Harvard Law Review 1173 Harvard Law Review United States HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 13
40 Alabama Law Review 919 40 Alabama Law Review 919 Alabama Law Review United States HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 3
Worster v Proprietors of Canal Bridge 33 Mass 541 United States - Massachusetts flag 1
24 NW 529 24 NW 529 United States flag 2
McCarthy v Niskern 22 Minn 90 United States - Minnesota flag 2
Burkett v Lanata 15 LA 337 1
Pleasants v Heard 15 Ark 403 United States - Arkansas flag 1
Lester Brickman, The Asbestos Litigation Crisis: Is There a Need for an Administrative Alternative? 13 Cardozo Law Review 1819 Cardozo Law Review United States HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 3
Grant v McDonogh 7 La Ann 447 United States - Louisiana flag 2
e g , Benson v Frederick 3 Burr 1846; 97 ER 1130 King's Bench United Kingdom CommonLII flag 2
Fabrigas v Mostyn 2 BLR 928; 96 ER 549 United Kingdom CommonLII flag 3
Smith v Covell United States - California flag
e g , Wagner v McDaniels

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